The reign of Charles IX was actually the reign of Catherine de Médicis: intelligent, but without character, it did not have the force to control according to its conscience; it sacrificed Coligny, which it liked, let themselves involve in spite of him with the crime of Saint-Barthélemy, and died in prey with terrible remorses (1574).

Childebert was the second son of Clovis and Clotilde.

In addition to the kingdom of Paris, it accepted into 511 its share of Aquitaine, which seems to be divided between the four brothers as a rich person field of which each one wanted its share.

Its kingdom increases successively part of the kingdom of Clodomir, provinces removed in Burgondes, finally of a part of the heritage of Théodebert.

Louis XIII was constrained to make the war with his revolted mother: a combat took place with the Bridges of C, close to Angers: the royal army, ordered by Louis XIII in person, attacked the partisans of the queen: one fought on the bridges, in the island, in the church, and the rebels were finally dislodged (August 1620).

Burgundy, invaded by the imperial armies, seemed out of state to resist to them, but a small city, Saint-Jean-of-Losne, proudly refused to capitulate: 150 men of garrison and 400 middle-class men swore to die the sword with the hand rather than to return the city, and they were defended so well, in spite of the weakness of their walls, than it held in failure 30 000 men, pushed back all the attacks, and gave to the French Army time to come to deliver them (November 1636).

The city accepted the nickname of "Beautiful Defense".

While the king of England was proclaimed in Paris, some French knights proclaimed the dolphin with Méhun-on-Yèvre, in Berry, while shouting: Live king Charles, seventh of the name, by the grace of God, king de France!

The battle of Nerwinden was the most terrible shock of this war.

The French cavalry placed in reserve remained four hours without moving under the most violent fire, and tore off with king d' Angleterre this cry of spite: "Oh! the insolente nation! "the victory was disputed a long time; finally the soldiers of the gardes-françaises decided day by a load with the bayonet, the first which our history presents. (July 1693.)

Bordeaux, the capital of Guyenne, went twice to the French: the first time, in 1451, Dunois there made a solemn entry and respected all the privileges of the city; but the second time, in 1453, it was severely punished; it was if not very French which it had pointed out the English.

The history of son of Clovis is a series of crimes.

Clodomir had left with its death three young children, and them grand' Clotilde mother had taken them under her guard.

Clotaire and Childebert, having solved to make them die, to divide their goods, requested Clotilde to send them to them in Paris, under pretext of crown them kings, then when they had them in their capacity, they took them along in an underground, and two in spite of their tears and their supplications cut the throat of some; the third, Cloud or Clodoald, were drawn from their hands by a frank warrior, and were devoted to the Lord.

The Tradition made of him a saint, and a borough of the surroundings of Paris kept the name of Saint-Cloud.

Louis XVI resembled of nothing to his grandfather Louis XV: he was virtuous and good, and he wanted the good of his subjects, but too timid to impose its will on its entourage, too undecided to achieve the reforms for which he recognized the need, it was impossible for him to direct itself the Revolution.

With the end of the twelfth century the Masters and the schoolboys joined to form a corporation which bore the name of University; they obtained from Philippe Auguste and the pope of important privileges: they could not be stopped for debts, nor judged by the provost of Paris: they had a special court and an elected chief whom one called the Vice-chancellor; its entry in functions was celebrated by a procession: it had a dress of violet scarlet, a silk belt with gold nipples, a broad cross-belt of ribbon, a mantelet of hermine and a doctor's cap; it had the step on the bishops.

The majority of the students lived joint in the colleges.

Descartes, born in 1596 in the Hague (in Touraine), died in Stockholm in 1650. - Descartes was before all a large philosopher, who, by a new method, founded on the obviousness, helped with the triumph of the reason on the routine.

It is also a great writer who contributed to fix French prose.

Finally Descartes was at the same time a large mathematician and a large physicist.

Catherine de Médicis, who was to play a so great part during the reigns of her sons Charles IX and Henri III, did not have any influence of living of her husband, in spite of her intelligence and her beauty.

Girl of Laurent II of Médicis, it had been chosen by Henri II only for her richness.

The long humiliation where it lived contributed to desiccate the heart to him, and when it had the capacity between the hands, it put the policy of Machiavel into practice, i.e.

the policy which makes fun of any principle and which does not move back in front of the crime.

Bysantins, in spite of their number and their walls, opposed to the small army Cross only one low resistance.

After two days of engagements, the Cross ones were made main of three doors and penetrated in the city following the runaways: they expected a terrible fight in the streets and the houses, but the inhabitants did not try to defend themselves, and the winners, full with contempt for such a loose people, devoted themselves to an unrestrained plundering; a part of the city was
set fire to.

The younger brother by Charles VI, Louis of Orleans, assassinated in 1407, had left two sons: one, Charles of Orleans the poet, had as son Louis XII; the other, Jean of Angouleme, had as Charles son of Angouleme.

It is marriage of this one with Louise of Savoy which was born François 1st (1494).

It married in 1514 the girl of Louis XII and Anne of Brittany, Claude of France, which brought to him in dowry Brittany.

It was of a gigantic size; rider admirable, robust, brave, burning, prodigal, it liked the pleasures, but also the beautiful blows of sword and the beautiful ones towards; it was the best knight of the kingdom.

Louise of Savoy, girl of the duke of Savoy, was only twelve years old when it married Charles of Angouleme, eighteen years when it gave the day to François 1st and that it lost her husband.

She lived withdrawn until the death of Anne of Brittany, which hated it (1514).

In 1515 it exerted regency during the countryside of Italy, but it was especially after Pavia, during the captivity of her son, whom it revealed his qualities of regent, by organizing a league against Austria.

Later it negotiated with the aunt of Charles-Quint the Cambric treaty, which for this reason was called the peace of the Injuries (1529).

Born in Versailles in 1768, soldier at sixteen years, general-in-chief with twenty-four, winner with Wissembourg, peacemaker of the Vendée, died at twenty-nine years (1797).

Great writer and large erudite, author of a natural History which counts thirty-six volumes.

The Arabs, Masters of Spain, had invaded France, and threatened to destroy Christendom; but they met between Poitiers and Tours the mayor of the palate of Austrasie, Charles, son of Pépin of Héristal: they broke on the franque cavalry as on a wall, and those which were not killed fled until Narbonne (732).

Charles, whose arm had not ceased striking terrible blows, accepted the nickname of Martel, and was regarded as the liberator and the chief of Gaule.

The passage of the Alps was a victory gained over nature: it was a question of transporting through the mountain, without cleared roads, in the medium of the rocks and of melting snow, 60 000 men with 60 guns and 300 cars; in certain places, the paths had only two feet broad: on a side the escarpé rock from which fall the avalanches, other, the chasm which one cannot see without giddiness.

The French however passed: the riders led their mounting by the support; the artillerists harnessed themselves with their parts while singing: one needed hundred of them to trail a gun.

The music of the regiments played in the difficult passages, and enthusiasm gave to the soldiers superhuman forces. (May 1800.)

Henri persecuted reformed with eagerness: he gave the hardest orders to make them stop, and returned edicts to prohibit the pity of the judges.

Even one day it took pleasure to go to see burning an heretic whom it hated particularly: accoudé with the window of a hotel of which there remains some remains in the Charlemagne passage, it lives condemned to go up on roughing-hew it and twisting in the flames.

Moved in spite of him by the spectacle by similar sufferings, it the Jura not to re-examine execution any more, but if the torturers had a spectator of less, they did not miss victims.

Marseilles, Nice, Agde and other cities of the Mediterranean were founded there is nearly twenty-five centuries by of Phocéens, Greeks of minor Asia, and a part of the French of these cities have as ancestors of the Greeks.

The foundation of Marseilles is surrounded of gracious legends.

Phocéens had just unloaded and sought a ground to be established: their young Eugene chief having been allowed with the table of the king of the country, the girl of the king chooses it for her husband while offering to him to drink: the young foreigner became the son-in-law of the king, and based the town of Massalie on the territory which was given to him.

The duke of Alençon had taken part in all the conspiracies.

Louis XI made him grace several times, but it ends up being wearied, and the duke was locked up in an iron cage, whose king had given the drawing.

Louis XI who wanted all to know, all to see and to do everything by itself, started his reign by visiting the provinces of his kingdom; the adventure which arrived to him close to Bordeaux shows which were then the dangers of a voyage; while descending the Gironde on a boat, little was necessary of it that it was not removed by an English corsair, who was boldly advanced in the river; the king of France escaped only by making force from oars, and while hiding several hours in tufts of reeds.

Maurice of Saxony was a son of king de Pologne Auguste II.

He passed to the service of France in 1720, its distinguished quickly, covered glory at the beginning of the war of succession of Austria, accepted the stick of Marshal of France in 1744 and gained the victories of Fontenoy, Raucoux and Laufeld.

Henri II, who married his sister with the duke of Savoy and his daughter with king d' Espagne, gave the most brilliant festivals, balls, masquerades, feasts, tournaments and tournaments where the largest lords appeared.

The last Henri day descended itself in the string which it had made establish at the end of the street Saint-Anthony, opposite the royal hotel of the Small towers, and it was made there admire by his strength and its address, but, at the time to withdraw itself, it wanted jouter with its captain of the guards, the count de Montgommery: the two riders ran up so violently that the two lances broke, and that the glares of that of Montgommery were inserted under the visor of the king, burst the eye, and penetrated to the brain.

Henri expired after eleven days of sufferings; he was old only forty and one years (July 1559).

François 1st, become as careful as it had been bold, did not want to intend to speak about great battle.

The young count d' Enghien, who ordered the French Army, and which saw the enemy in an unfavorable position, dispatched with the king the Montluc brave man, to tear off the permission to him to fight: "We all are determined to die or overcome; who do you want who kills twelve thousand men like us ? "Montluc appeared so assured success, that the king let himself gain: Triumphing Montluc turned over in all hastes near the count d' Enghien; the battle took place, and it was the victory of Cérisoles (April 1544).

A monk, named Jacques Clement, had sworn himself to avenge the duke for Own way: when it saw Henri III linking himself with the Protestants to besiege Paris, it went to Saint-Cloud, was presented at Henri III like carrier of an important news, and at the time when the king opened the letter, it plunged a knife in the belly to him.

To the cries of the king, the guards ran and massacred the assassin on the place (August 1).

The English were not happier on sea than on ground.

A many fleet, carrying 10 000 soldiers and a formidable artillery, put the seat in front of Saint-Malo, but the Breton ones, firmly determined not to become English, resisted all the attacks, and the duke of Lancaster, after having made rage of all his guns against the city, was tiny room to be withdrawn (1378).

During this time the French fleet and the fleet Castilian devastated the coasts of England, and burned several cities there.

A few months after, for Ushant, the Breton admiral Herve de Primoguet attacked with twenty ships an English fleet four times more: first shock it ran three English ships, but it is surrounded soon by higher forces, and its vessel the Beautifulone is sifted balls, is démâté, and tightened closely by the Regent, vessel of the English admiral.

Primoguet refuses to go, and in a sublime despair, it pushes the Beautifulone against the Regent, clings to it by hooks, and makes jump the two ships: the other vessels transfer a great gleam, and heard a formidable noise, then they saw only the floods which had just absorbed two thousand men; the English withdrew themselves terrified, and nineteen French vessels returned to Brest.

Marat, which required 270 000 heads to found freedom, was an object of dislike for all the decent people.

A girl, Charlotte Corday, tried to stop Terror by stabbing the poor wretch, but the revolutionary tribunal redoubled fury and sent the scaffold not only Charlotte Corday and to Marie-Antoinette, but also to twenty-two deputies of Gironde, such as Vergniaud.

They went to the torment by singing the Marseillaise (October 1793).

The duke of Orleans Philippe-Equality and Mrs.

Roland followed them of close with the scaffold; the guillotine was permanently until July 94.

Bertrand Of Guesclin had been born about 1320 in a rustic manor from Brittany, around Dinan.

During its childhood it made the despair of his parents: it struck his brothers and sisters, refused to learn how to read, and saved paternal house to go to fight with the small farmers.

One day his father locked up it in his room, but Bertrand succeeds with flees, jumped on a horse which it met and ran to Rennes; a few days afterwards, it took part in a combat of athletes and embanked all its adversaries, although it was yet only sixteen years old.

Avid to measure itself with nobler adversaries, it was made lend a horse and an armour, went to a great tournament where all the nobility of Brittany had met, and there gained victory over victory; it was made known only at the end of the tournaments, and his father, transported admiration, gave him the means of holding his row of knight and of fighting the English.

Hugues the Large one could have been made elect king by the large ones after the deposition of Charles the Simple one; but it preferred to strengthen its power in its duchy, and it made give the crown to his brother-in-law Raoul, duke of Burgundy.

Raoul was crowned in Saint Médard's Day de Soissons by the archbishop of Direction (923).

When in unhappy Charles the Simple one it was imprisoned in Péronne and there died into 929.

Ringois was a martyr of patriotism.

When it saw the English entering Abbeville, under the terms of the treaty of Brétigny, it could not contain its heart and it raised the people against the invader; overpowered under the number and seized before to have found death, it was led to the castle of Dover and was summoned to lend oath to king d' Angleterre, but no threat could bend it, and the honest French was precipitated in the sea top of the fortress (1360).

A young lord of twenty and one years, the marquis of Five-March, dreamed to reverse Richelieu, as of Luynes Concini had reversed: he conspired with Gaston and got along secretly with Spain: plugged by hatred, it did not hesitate to be combined to the enemies of France.

But betrayed by Gaston himself, it was decapitated in Lyon, and his friend of Thou, condemned not to have denounced it, was carried out with him.

Five-March was a criminal who deserved death; of Thou was a martyr of the friendship (Sept. 1642).

Élisabeth of Austria, married to Charles IX in 1570, did not take any share with the political intrigues and chocolate éclairs of the court.

Simple, modest and soft, it testified the horror highly that Saint-Barthélemy inspired to him, and its supplications prevented Charles IX from assassinating young prince de Condé.

César, to take Bourges, had built high wood towers which dominated the walls.

The Gallic ones succeeded in setting fire to one of them, and activated the flame with tallow balls and pitch; they could the throw only of one very perilous place, exposed to the features of the enemy, but, as soon as a man fell, another replaced it, and as long as the tower was upright, the Gallic ones were concerned at this station honor.

The general States, composed of more than 1100 deputies, 291 for the clergy, 270 for the nobility, 578 for the third state, met in large pump in Versailles, May 5, 1789. Everyone understood that large things were close: thus the ambassador of Sweden in France, the baron de Staël, writing with its king, May 10, that the opening of the States General is one of the great events of the French history: "Nothing more imposing, adds it, than the majestic apparatus of a powerful nation assembled by its king to work with him with the regeneration of their common fatherland"

Mohamet II, with which it did not miss any more that the town of Constantinople, the Jura to seize some and wrapped it with 260 000 men; they had not neglected any machine of destruction: its enormous guns did few devastations, but threw fear among besieged, and its machines of war, rams, triggerfishes all and travelling, reversed the walls and smashed the doors.

The defenders of the city, Greeks and Génois, were defended with courage, repaired several times the breaches and tried furious exits: at the end of fifty days of seat, their forces were exhausted; the Turks, exaltés by their dervishes and deduced by the promise from plundering, sprang in mass with the attack and managed to seize a door.

Constantin made superhuman efforts to take it again; but it fell bored blows on a heap from corpses.

Constantinople was with the capacity of the Moslems; the population was massacred or reduced in slavery (May 1453).

The uniform is not a business of parade: it develops the spirit of body and the military spirit, i.e.

the taste of the soldier for his profession; it makes sensitive to the eyes the equality of the same men rank: under the uniform, there are no more rich person, neither the poor, neither middle-class man, nor peasants; there are nothing any more but soldiers.

Fénelon had been the tutor of the duke of Burgundy, Louis, grandson of Louis XIV: it was for its pupil that it had composed Télémaque.

Appointed Cambric archbishop in 1695, it built everyone by its evangelic softness, its charity and its untiring devotion: it visited the patients, the poor, the unhappy ones; its kindness made him find consolations for all miseries.

During the war of succession of Spain it made évêché vast ambulance, where it looked after itself the casualties.

Feudality, initially protective, had become oppressive.

In the campaigns the peasants were dispersed too much to succeed in their revolts, but in much of cities the middle-class men and the people formed an association which one called a commune and tore off with their lord of the concessions.

The first communes were those of Cambric (1076), of Boundary-line, of Beauvais, of Saint-Quentin, of Laon, Soissons.

In Laon the lord of the city was the Gaudry bishop: besieged in its palate, it was taken and massacred (1112).

The history of the vase of Soissons shows us that the frank kings were all-powerful as military chiefs, but that in peace their capacity of king was almost null.

Soldiers had concealed with a church a vase of most invaluable; Clovis cannot theirs tear off from force; it is restricted to request them to give it to him, and a coarse Frank answers him by breaking the vase: "You will have of all this only what the fate will give you" Clovis keeps silence; but, come spring, it joins together the Franks on the Field of Mars, and warns the soldier who had insulted it: "Nobody here has weapons also badly held to only", says you it, and it breaks to him cranium of a blow of axe, while adding: "Thus you made with the vase of Soissons."

Sully, which had been the companion of Henri IV in all his wars, was his friend and his adviser.

Become Prime Minister it showed as skilful administrator as he had been honest soldier, and succeeds in restoring the order in finances and to raise agriculture: "Tilling and pasture, repeated it, are the two udders of France"

Any lord high retributive had in the vicinity of his castle an bracket and a pilori.

The pilori was a kind of pedestal, where one exposed condemned in public: they were attached there upright, the yoke with the neck, the arms in cross or behind the back.

The exposure lasted the whole day sometimes.

In 1630, the duke of Savoy broke the treaty and called the Spaniards, but at once Richelieu gathered an army, was done general, attacked the town of Pignerol vigorously, and at the end of eight days it was made main (March 1630) from there.

It then made invade Savoy; Louis XIII entered Chambéry; the duke of Savoy, Charles-Emmanuel, undergoes failure on failure and died; its successor made soon peace (1631).

Norman had initially dared to devastate only coasts, but when they knew that the Franks fought the ones against the others, they went up the rivers with their boats, and the residents of the Seine, of the Loire, of the Garonne had as much with suffered as the inhabitants from the coasts: all those which were defended were massacred, the women and the children were taken along in captivity; the villages were burnt.

The disorder was such as the same cities were not more with the shelter of the Norman ones: they ransacked Rouen, Nantes, Bordeaux, Saint Martin's day de Tours, and to the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés under the walls of Paris.

The English were overcome in Castillon to have been too presumptuous, like the French in Poitiers: their old Talbot General, having surprised a body of franks-archers, which formed the French avant-garde, thought to hold the victory, and tackled face of the roughcast cuttings off of guns: accomodated by formidable discharges, the English army became exhausted in vain efforts, then was collapsed by the cavalry French and pushed in the Dordogne.

Talbot, wounded by a ball, was completed by franks-archers (July 1453).

The seven year old war was for France a mixture of shame and glory: the duke of Richelieu had great qualities of General, but it gave to its army the example of plundering: the soldiers called it the small father the Petty thieving.

Soubise made proof, in Rosbach, of a scandalous incapacity; many Generals, plus courtiers that soldiers, made pass their particular interest before that of the fatherland.

It would be however unjust to see only the evil, even opposite the reign of Louis XV.

In Clostercamp, with the outposts, the sergeant Dubois, regiment of Auvergne, is surprised the night by the English; threatened of dead if it gives the awakening, it shouts of all its forces, "A us, of Auvergne, they are the enemies", and it falls bored blows.

With its cry the captain of Assas, which is in front of its soldiers: "Draw, hunters, they are the enemies" the French obeys, and draws in front of them in the darkness; they kill their captain, but with him much of English; the army is saved (1760).

Louis XIV never forgave to the magistrates of the Parliament the part which they had played in the Sling.

He made burn the registers of their deliberations, and defended to them to discuss the businesses of the State.

One day that the Parliament had been assembled without its order, about an edict, Louis XIV entered the room with its large boots and its hunting clothes, a whip with the hand: "Messrs, says it, each one knows misfortunes which your assemblies", and it produced defended with the magistrates to be occupied of its edicts (1655).

When the Dolphin had left Paris, the noble ones ran de.toutes.parts to its call, and it was soon with the head of 7000 riders armed with all parts.

It was too little to take the walls by storm, but was enough to starve the city: all the arrivals of the high Seine and the Marne were stopped with the bridge of Charenton by the royal troops, and Paris was not long in suffering from the famine.

The Parisian ones, which was burning members of a league, were transported of joy when they transfer Henri Own way to run in the medium of them in spite of the defense of the king: everywhere where it passed crowd idolâtre shouted: "Own way Lives! "and pressed itself around him to kiss the edge of its coat; the women threw flowers to him.

It was with the head of an immense procession that the duke presented himself in front of the Louvre and asked to see the king.

The first thought of Henri III was to receive it and to make it kill under its eyes; however as it had around him only one handle of courtiers and guards, it was resigned to undergo the visit of its enemy mortal and to let it leave; but the following day it made come 4000 Swiss and French guards: the people, convinced that the king prepared Saint-Barthélemy of catholics, raised themselves at once with the cry of "sharp the league! "all the streets roughcast barricades, and the soldiers, encircled of all share, were soon with the discretion of crowd (May 12, 1588).

Henri de Guise gave himself the pleasure of delivering them and of returning them to the Louvre.

The king, tiny room with the impotence, flee by swearing that it would return to Paris by the breach.

The constable of Clisson, which had passed the evening in the king, left the hotel Saint-pol., around one hour of the morning, without armour and with an escort of eight servants of which two carried torches, when suddenly, with the entry of the street Culture-Holy-Catherine, forty brigands with horse, embusqués in the shade, melted on him and its people: "Which are you", Clisson exclaimed by drawing its dagger "I am Pierre de Craon, your enemy, answered the gang leader, and it is necessary that you die" Clisson tried to defend yourself, but it accepted a serious wound with the head, and fell from horse.

The assassins, in a hurry to flee, did not dare to put foot at ground to make sure that he had died.

A baker gave alarm, and Clisson at once collected by the king and looked after, recovered from his wounds, with the great spite of his enemies.

The seven year old war started with a brilliance feat of arms: the fortress of Port-Mahon, in the island of Minorque, was looked like impregnable: it had high ramparts cut in the rock, of the deep ditches and its accesses were undermined; but nothing could stop the dash of the French: they went up to the attack under a rain of balls and balls, and as their scales were too short, they inserted their bayonets between the stones, and climbed on the shoulders the ones of the others; many fell, but the others arrived on the rampart and collapsed the English; the city capitulated the following day.

Napoleon, after having beaten the Prussians with Ligny, entrusted to Grouchy the responsibility to supervise them, and turned himself against the English with 72 000 men.

The English army, ordered by Wellington, was arranged on the plate of the Midsummer's Day mount, in front of a forest; it was as numerous as the French Army and had the advantage of the position.

The Ney marshal, extraordinary of heroism, approached the plate and ends up being established there; at four hours of the evening, the English army, driven back with the forest, prepared with the retirement, and the road of Brussels was encumbered already runaways.

But, instead of Grouchy until one waited by completing the victory, Bulow arrived on our line with 30 000 Prussians; a part of the reserves on which counted the Ney marshal were employed to fight these new enemies: they gave with as well strength as the Prussians, after us to have threatened to turn our line, were pushed back in their turn.

At seven hours of the evening, the victory seemed assured: the old guard was going to climb the plate; Wellington was with despair.

Suddenly a sharp shooting bursts on the line: "It is Grouchy", exclaims Napoleon.

It was Blücher, Blücher which had escaped in Grouchy, and which brought to the enemy army 30 000 fresh troops.

Confidence passed from one camp to the other: the English took again the offensive, and the Prussians, carrying all their efforts on the same point, succeeded in boring our lines: a French division, overpowered under the number, shouted with treason and released foot.

At once the Prussian cavalry flooded the battle field, and the part of the guard which went against the English, had to face behind to defend oneself.

The night changed the defeat into disaster: only the imperial guard, ordered by Cambronne, was formed in squares, refused to go and died; the remainder of the army was nothing any more but one mob which whirled at the thank you of the Prussian sabres (June 18, 1815).

The Cross ones were far from agreeing: the ones declared that Constantinople was the true way of Jerusalem, the others regarded as sacrilege this war undertaken against Christians, and wanted to go directly to Syria.

In Corfou a plot was formed, and much the Cross ones, involved by the abbot of Be worth-Cernay, took the resolution to gain theHoly one.

But the principal chiefs of the army, educated in time, brought together the bishops, made them share of the danger that forwarding ran, and, on their councils, they went to be thrown to the knees of the abbot of Are worth-Cernay.

Overcome by their supplications, it renonça to leave them, and the Cross one moved all Constantinople worms.

Never the peasants were more unhappy only in the medium of the fourteenth century: they suffered at the same time from the war, the plague and the armed robbery: the plunderers of all the countries had met in bands, to plunder overcome France; they seized harvests, the cattle, the attachments, and burned what they could not carry; the peasants who refused to give their money were tortured and massacred.

The mountain dwellers of Convention had applauded Robespierre as long as it had sent to the scaffold only royalists and the of Gironde ones, but when they felt threatened in their turn, they showed it to aspire to tyranny, and had energy to make it stop (Thermidor 9).

The rabble, raised by the Commune, succeeds in drawing it from prison during the night, but the Convention, which had remained during the meeting, called with the weapons all the enemies "of the tyrant": some gendarmes, follow-ups of 2000 national guards, walked resolutely on the Town hall, dispersed without sorrow the men of the Commune and took again Robespierre to them; it was carried out in the course of the day, in the place where had perished so much of its victims (Thermidor 10).

The Germans were cut off, close to Freiburg, from heights which seemed inaccessible, but the French had as chiefs Turenne and Condé.

Cop, descended from horse, put himself at the column heading of attack, and climbed the cuttings off under a terrible fire.

The Germans beat a retreat.