The poor which knew the great charity of king Robert, misused it sometimes.

One feastday, in Étampes, Robert had inserted some poor in the room where it soupait, and it gave them to eat by ground as with dogs which their Master spoils.

When they had left, one realized that they had stolen the gold fringes of the royal coat.

The queen was strong in anger and regretted the beautiful fringes, but the kings was satisfied to say while smiling: "They for of required undoubtedly more that me" the chroniclers tell good king Robert several anecdotes of the same kind.

Vercingétorix, hoping to soften the winner, delivered itself: gone up on and a cover war-horse of a splendid armour, it only left the city, arrived au.galop in the Roman camp, and stopping in front of César, threw to ground its javelin, its sword and its helmet.

César put it in prison, and made there die.

When Charles-Quint entered to Provence to the head of 50 000 men, François 1st, who was not ready to push back it by the force, solved to stop it by making country a desert.

The marshal of Montmorency, charged with this work of devastation, discharged some with a pitiless rigour: the houses were burned, destroyed harvests, the which corrupted wells, the shaven trees; the inhabitants had to leave their villages and to take refuge in wood: those which wanted to defend their goods were put at death.

The enemy, not to die of hunger and thirst, was tiny room to be beaten a retreat, and lost half of his army, but Provence was ruined for a long time, and its inhabitants suffered from appalling miseries (1556).

Robert the Fort, having learned that the Norman ones had plundered the city of Mans, solved to cut the road of Angers to them and to take again the spoils to them: he reached them in Brissarthe, beat them and locked up them in the Church.

The day seemed finished and Robert, exhausted heat, had removed his armour and his helmet, when suddenly the Norman ones spring on the dispersed French: Robert, without giving time to take again his armour, precipitates in the fray and fall bored blows on the steps from the Church (July 866).

Before Henri IV, Paris had one stone bridge, the Bridge Our-injury; the wood bridges were often carried by the floods and the routs.

The Pont-Neuf had been started with Henri III, but the civil war had suspended work.

Henri IV made them begin again, and the Pont-Neuf, thrown between two very populated districts, became the point more attended of Paris.

Henri IV made at the same time build the houses of the Dauphine place, in the place of the waste grounds which finished the island Our-injury.

Finally a pump was used to feed from water the Louvre and Tileries: it was called Samaritaine of the name of a group out of bronze which decorated the frontage of the building.

The king of Naples, by hatred of the Revolution, undertook to destroy the Roman republic, but the Championnet General ran to the help of the Romans and walked on Naples: the king flees shamefully on the English fleet; the French seized Naples and proclaimed there the Republic (January 1799).

The war of seat was the favorite war of Louis XIV.

All was so well regulated by Vauban, that the opening of the trench, the three parallels and the final attack were undoubtedly done in time prescribed, like the exercises.

Valencians had been carried of attack on March 17; the 22 one were in front of Cambrai; the 28 Vauban trenched; April 4 the city capitulated.

The painter Van der Meulen followed the king in all his campaigns, drew the battle fields, the cities, the fortifications, the campings, the uniforms, so that its tables represent with a great fidelity the military history of Louis XIV.

The museum of the Louvre has a great number of it.

The town of Beauvais, attacked by the duke of Burgundy, did not have a royal garrison, but all its inhabitants, to the women, defended themselves heroically: a girl, Jeanne Fourquet, known as Hatchet, rejected into the ditch Burgundian assembled on the rampart; all the attackers were pushed back.

While Charlemagne was in Rome, the Pope Leon III solved to reward it for the services which it had rendered to Christendom.

A few days before the end of the eighth century, the Christmas Day 800, during the mass, at the time when Charlemagne was inclined in front of the large furnace bridge to request, the Pope advanced towards him and posed to him on the head the imperial crown, then it prosterna in front of him to adore it, according to the established habit of the time of the last Roman Emperors, while the people shouted by three times with enthusiasm: "With the large Emperor Charles, crowned by God, life and victory" Charlemagne was crowned at once, i.e.

that the Pope the oignit of holy oil, and blesses it to attract on his head the divine favours.

Pépin, son elder of Charlemagne, was crowned in its turn as king d' Italie.

It was a large spectacle which this alliance of the Emperor, Master of the Occident, and the Pope, chief of Christendom.

The title of Emperor, who pointed out the power of old Rome, was respected still so much, that the crowning of Charlemagne produced an immense effect; one thought to see the past reappearing, and the people were proud to form part of the great empire.

The birthday of the storming of the Bastille was celebrated by a great festival: 100 000 delegated of the nation, delegated departments, national guard, army and navy, met out of weapons with the Field of Mars, to affirm there in front of the Parisian multitude their will to link itself, or as one said then, to federate, to defend the Revolution.

The king, surrounded of his family, the deputies of Constituent, and the diplomatic corps, chaired the immense assembly: when there had solemnly sworn to remain faithful to the constitution, and that the queen presented at the people the young dolphin, enthusiasm was with its roof and crowd shouted "Lives the King" with transport (July 14, 1790).

This enthusiasm was to fall soon; resistances of the king and the requirements of the people were going to divide the nation into irreconcilable parties.

The duke of Nemours did not deserve any pity, but the cruelty of Louis XI was odious: it ordered itself to the judges to torture it "quite narrow", to tear off great cries to him; then it made it decapitate.

To London, the baron de Vatteville, ambassador of Spain, having disputed precedence with the count d' Estrades, ambassador of France, the two escorts came from there to the hands; the workmen of London took party for Spain; of Estrades had several of its people killed or wounded, its fits with body was put in parts and Vatteville passed the first; but irritated Louis XIV threatened Spain of a war, and obtained from it a bright repair (1662).

Clovis was informed in the catholic religion by saint Remi, archbishop of Rheims.

The account of the passion of Jesus-Christ moved it deeply, and it exclaimed with indignation: "That I with my Franks was not there! "When holy Remi considered it worthy to be Christian, it baptized it in a solemn ceremony, which took place in Rheims the day before of Christmas 496. Three thousand frank soldiers and a crowd of women and children wanted to receive the baptism at the same time as Clovis.

Descartes, born in 1596 in the Hague (in Touraine), died in Stockholm in 1650. - Descartes was before all a large philosopher, who, by a new method, founded on the obviousness, helped with the triumph of the reason on the routine.

It is also a great writer who contributed to fix French prose.

Finally Descartes was at the same time a large mathematician and a large physicist.

The Norman ones unloaded with the improvist, melted on a village or on a monastery, the walls climbed, plundered the houses, massacred those which held head to them, and fled with their spoils on their fast boats.

Pagan fanatics, they especially liked to violate the churches, to burn the holy books, and to disperse the relics; they tortured the monks to make them say where the money was hidden, then it took pleasure to massacre them in mass: "sang We to them the mass of the lances", said they.

The history of the vase of Soissons shows us that the frank kings were all-powerful as military chiefs, but that in peace their capacity of king was almost null.

Soldiers had concealed with a church a vase of most invaluable; Clovis cannot theirs tear off from force; it is restricted to request them to give it to him, and a coarse Frank answers him by breaking the vase: "You will have of all this only what the fate will give you" Clovis keeps silence; but, come spring, it joins together the Franks on the Field of Mars, and warns the soldier who had insulted it: "Nobody here has weapons also badly held to only", says you it, and it breaks to him cranium of a blow of axe, while adding: "Thus you made with the vase of Soissons."

The Cross ones were far from agreeing: the ones declared that Constantinople was the true way of Jerusalem, the others regarded as sacrilege this war undertaken against Christians, and wanted to go directly to Syria.

In Corfou a plot was formed, and much the Cross ones, involved by the abbot of Be worth-Cernay, took the resolution to gain theHoly one.

But the principal chiefs of the army, educated in time, brought together the bishops, made them share of the danger that forwarding ran, and, on their councils, they went to be thrown to the knees of the abbot of Are worth-Cernay.

Overcome by their supplications, it renonça to leave them, and the Cross one moved all Constantinople worms.

The Spaniards, enhardis by the death of Richelieu, had taken again the offensive and had gone on Rocroi, but they found Condé there.

Their chiefs were tried out captains, but Condé thwarted all their calculations by a turning movement of an extraordinary audacity.

After having broken the left of the enemies, it crossed it with its cavalry, and passing behind their center, it attacked suddenly by behind their victorious line: their victory was changed into disaster, and the half as of their remained lying on the battle field.

It was Condé who stopped carnage, and, like known as Bossuet, "joined to the pleasure of overcoming that to forgive" (May 1643).

The Austrians, cut off behind the Danube, believed themselves impregnable, but Napoleon crosses the river during the night with the favour of a violent one storm.

At the point of the day the enemy saw with stupor on his left the French Army arranged in battle; the French, seized of admiration for the genius of Napoleon, pushed a great cry of "Sharp the Emperor", and the attack started.

The Austrians, more of 25 000 men, defended themselves during two days, but they were inserted, turned and put in rout; 24 000 of them remained on the battle field and 12 000 were taken (July 5, and 6 1809).

Henri II and Philippe Auguste had been given go under the walls of Gisors, to conclude a truce.

The interview degenerated into combat: the English, made the first, had put themselves at the shelter of the sun under a large elm, and when Philippe Auguste came with his continuation, they refused to make him place; but the French, who did not intend to be played by the English, threw on them the sword with the hand, reflect them in escape and cut the tree to the short-nap cloth of the ground (August 1188).

The war was re-ignited at once.

Concini was an Italian adventurer, son of a notary of Florence.

Come in Paris with Marie de Médicis, in 1600, it married Léonora Galigaï, chambermaid and favorite of the queen, penetrated in the good graces of Marie, and by a scandalous fortune became marquis d' Ancre, Marshal of France, finally as powerful as if it had the title of Prime Minister.

Coligny was one of the first victims of Saint-Barthélemy: German Besme entered his room with a band of stickers: "is this well you it admiral ? "-" It is me, answered Coligny without disturbing itself, do what you will want; for a long time I am ready to die "Besme plunged to him his sword in the chest in blasphémant." Besme, shouted the duke of Own way, which had remained in the street, Besme, is this finished ? "-" It is fact "answered the assassin. - "it by the window Throws that I see it" Besme obeys, and Own way had the infamy to insult its died enemy, and to strike it of a kick to the face.

Napoleon, raising the camp of Boulogne, transported in twenty days on the Rhine the eight his army corps; then, leaving Augereau in reserve, it went up Mein with Lannes, Murat, Ney, Soult, Davout, Marmont and Bernadotte, turned the Austrian army by admirable operations, and cut it in several sections in Vertingen, in Memmingen and in Elchingen, rejected the principal body on Ulm and de.toutes.parts wrapped it, by keeping the heights; the Mack General, despaired, capitulated with 33 000 soldiers, 60 guns and 40 flags (October 20, 1805); of 100 000 Austrians there remained only runaways, which our cavalry continued; Napoleon had not lost more than 3 000 men.

The end of Louis XIV contrasted curiously with the glare of its reign: as soon as the courtiers were assured that its death was next, they moved away all from him to make their court with the duke of Orleans, and the old king was almost only when it returned the last sigh.

He did not have any more children nor friends to cry it, and the people insulted his convoy: "I saw, tells Voltaire, who had twenty and one years in 1715, I saw small tents drawn up on the way of Saint-Denis; one drank there, one sang there, one laughed "

The English, who wanted to remove Egypt in France without venturing their own soldiers, went to seek in Rhodos a Turkish army of 18 000 men and unloaded it in the peninsula of Aboukir, but Bonaparte ran at once from Cairo with 6000 men and rejected the Turks with the sea: their army was entirely destroyed: 3000 men were killed, and 12 000 drowned (July 1799).

The war against Spain was so easy that one could compare it with a military walk.

In Dôle, into Frank-comté, a courtier, the count de Grammont, guaranteed to take the city with him all alone: he presents himself in front of the fortress, amuses the garrison by his jokes, is made open the door, kisses the middle-class men whom he meets and holds to them of so beautiful speeches on the power of king de France, on the horrors of the war and the nuisance to have passed to the son of the sword, which the city decides to capitulate.

The admiral Coligny had thrown himself in the place of Saint-Quentin with a handle of men to defend it against the Spaniards and the English, but the fortifications were in so bad condition, and the besieging army so many, which it could not hold a long time.

The constable of Montmorency undertook to help it, and although it did not have which 24 000 men against 60 000, it boldly attacked the Spanish camp: while it sought to penetrate in the city, the enemy cut the retirement to him; the French Army, attacked soon de.toutes.parts, was defended with courage: many chiefs and 2 500 soldiers were killed; some thousands were done day through the enemy lines, the others were made prisoners with the constable, who had already been taken in Pavia.

Saint-Quentin succumbed fifteen days after, Coligny was taken there in its turn, and France was seriously threatened.

The constituent Assembly, after having abolished the privileges, had, in the declaration of the rights of man, proclaimed the principles of personal freedom and national sovereignty, but the king refused to sanction such radical reforms; the people of Paris, fearing new attempts at coup d'etat went in mass to Versailles, invade the palate, massacred some bodyguards, and took along of force the royal family to Tileries, to hold it at his disposal (October 5, and 6 1789).

The Bastille had been started in 1370 and had been finished in 1383: it was composed of eight gigantic turns connected the ones to the others by thick walls of eight feet, with broad and deep ditches.

With the advent of Charles VII, the Bastille, the large fortress of Paris, was with the capacity of the English.

The French Army had just entered to Moscow, where it hoped to recover from its tirednesses, when suddenly, in the middle of the night, the fire burst de.toutes.parts and was propagated with an appalling speed: they was the Russians who burned their city to drive out the French.

The majority of the houses were out of wood, all the pumps had been removed, and nothing stopped the flame in its walk: 15 000 wounded Russian perished in the hospitals.

Napoleon, besieged by fire in the palate of the tsars, escaped only from grand' sorrow through the blazing inferno, the medium of a suffocating smoke and houses which collapsed (September).

Marie de Médicis, locked up with the castle of Blois, was impatient to seize again the capacity.

In the night from the 22 to January 13, 1619, it made draw up a scale to the windows of the second stage, where it remained, and went down boldly.

She threw herself in one fits with body which awaited it, and flees in Angouleme.

Alésia (Sainte-Reine Alise, in the Gold Coast), was one of the strongest places of Gaule, and Vercingétorix defended it with 80 000 men.

But César blocked it and starved it: the armies which tried to deliver it were overcome; all the exits of besieged failed, and Alésia was reduced to capitulate.

The new duke of Savoy and the Spaniards, his allies, signed a truce with France (Sept. 1630), but it observed it badly: the negotiations seemed broken; already the French Army and the Spanish army were in presence under the walls of Casal (Oct. 1630), and the mousquetade engaged, when a rider ran au.galop on the battle field between two lines of fire, while shouting: "peace, peace".

It brought on behalf of the Pope a treaty acceptable for the two parties; the combat ceased and peace was done: a great battle had been avoided.

This bold rider was not other than Mazarin, unknown the day before still: all the eyes were fixed on him, and its fortune started.

Colbert gave to France the richness, Louvois the force; Hugues de Lionne gave him alliances.

Secretary of State to the Foreign Affairs of 1663 to 1671, it contributed by his skilful negotiations to the success of the first wars of Louis XIV.

TheSaint-Simon historian calls it the Prime Minister for the reign.

The bank of Law, combined with the Company of the Western Indies, which was a vast trade undertaking, had initially an enormous success (1719).

Law was adored as God by those which its system had enriched: everyone disputed the paper of its bank and the actions of its company of trade; the actions were so required that one paid them up to forty times their value, 20 000 pounds instead of 500. The seat of the bank was street Quincampoix; the crowd of the speculators choked itself there, and small uneven gained, says one, 150 000 pounds to lend its back as a desk.

The English were overcome in Castillon to have been too presumptuous, like the French in Poitiers: their old Talbot General, having surprised a body of franks-archers, which formed the French avant-garde, thought to hold the victory, and tackled face of the roughcast cuttings off of guns: accomodated by formidable discharges, the English army became exhausted in vain efforts, then was collapsed by the cavalry French and pushed in the Dordogne.

Talbot, wounded by a ball, was completed by franks-archers (July 1453).

The Franks were vêtus of a sayon and braies; they carried large moustache and long hair which floated on their back like a mane; they scorned the armour; their armament was composed of a bad shield, of one framée, small iron lance, of francisque, axe with two edges, of a harpoon and a sword called scramasax.

When they had elected their king, they raised it on the bulwark, i.e.

on a shield, and they carried it on their shoulders to the acclamations of the army.

The desperate Protestants emigrated in mass; 12 000 soldiers, 600 officers, 9 000 sailors were lost for France; a much greater number of tradesmen and skilful workmen carried abroad the secrecies of our industry and the hatred of Louis XIV.

The duke of Enghien, last going down from the Cops, had carried the weapons against France with the emigrants, and it did not seem foreign with the conspiracies directed against the first consul.

Bonaparte, pulled by anger, sent a troop dragons to stop the duke in the duchy of Bade, with the castle of Ettenheim, then it made it judge by a military commission, and shoot the same night in the ditches of the castle of Vincennes (Mars 1804).

The execution of the duke of Enghien is one of the acts which one reproached to Napoleon.

The chief of the conspiracy of Amboise was an adventurer named Renaudie.

It got along with the prince of Condé, brings together in Nantes, in the greatest secrecy, the delegates of the Protestant cities, and was advisable with them to remove the king with the castle of Blois, then to stop the Own ways, to have the government.

But François de Guise, informed plot by spies and two treacherous Protestants with their party, took along the king to the castle of Amboise, easier to defend, made come from the troops to small noise and was held on his guards without appearing anything to know.

Entreated were taken as with the trap: detachments of cavalry embusqués in wood seized them before they had been able to be assembled and led them to the castle of Amboise, where the majority were decapitated, hung or drowned.

Renaudie, surprised in the wood of Castle-Renaud, was killed out of a blow of arquebus, after having sold its life dearly, and its body was attached to an bracket on the bridge of the Loire (March 1560).

The prince of Condé, who had awaited the events before taking the weapons, declared impudently that it was not plot, and as there was no against him unquestionable proof, François de Guise was constrained to let it leave.

The war between Richard and Philippe was a keen fight which extended from Normandy in Berry and the Flanders.

Richard had with its service of bands of lorry drivers, "which did not count for nothing overflowing human blood, plundering and the fire" Philippe, which had only knights and communal militia, often the lower part had.

In 1194, it was surprised in the surroundings of Blois, and it lost all its luggage, its money, its royal seal, a part of its files.

Another time, in 1196, it fell into a ambush in Courcelles, close to Gisors; the French were only two hundreds against several thousands: Philippe sprang bravely on the English and managed to clear a passage, but the majority as of the his companions perished.

The battle of Granson was a new defeat for the knighthood: the Swiss ones were massed in a tightened place, between the lake of Neufchâtel and the mountain; to attack was to run to an unquestionable defeat: but Charles the Bold one, who called contemptuously them cowherds, could not think that peasants could fight against the noble ones, and it was thrown madly on them with its cavalry.

Swiss, tight the ones against the others and armed with long pikes, opposed an insuperable rampart to him, while helps arrived to them of the mountain; taken between two enemies, the Burgundian ones fled in disorder, giving up all their luggage and all their artillery.

Small poor people, ignored hitherto, without horses and weapons, had overcome the powerful duke of Occident (1476).

Catherine de Médicis, who was to advise Saint-Barthélemy, was about indifferent out of religious matter, and it made initially main efforts to prevent the civil war, in spite of the indignation of the Own ways, which wanted to extirpate the heresy by the force.

Of agreement with Michel of the Hospital, it convened with Poissy a conference (i.e. a kind of council) theologists of the two parties, in the hope which they would manage an agreement by reciprocal concessions.

The assembly meets with Poissy on September 9, 1561 in the presence of the king, of her Henri brother, the chancellor and a crowd of large characters; six cardinals, thirty-six archbishops or bishops, the General of the Jesuits and a great number of Doctors of Divinity represented the catholic church; the Protestants, on their side, had sent twenty-two deputies, eleven ministers and celebrates it Theodore de Bèze, their principal chief after Calvin.

As of the first day, the discussion was impossible, and after some meetings where hatreds made only envenimer, the conference separated at the end of October, with the great sadness of the moderated men, who saw France divided into two irreconcilable parties.

Thursday December 22, 1588, the duke of Own way, by sitting down at table to dine, found under its towel a ticket in which one informed it that the king wanted to make it assassinate: "it would not dare" says it contemptuously, and the next morning it went to the council, like habit; but at the time when it raised the velvet door which closed the cabinet of the king, two men threw themselves on him with the improvist, a third seizes the legs to him; others ran in mass: "Mercy" exclaimed the duke, but it was bored de.toutes.parts before to have been able to fire its sword, and it fell while râlant to the foot from the bed from the king.

Henri III left at once the close room, approached the wide body and a kick to the face gave him, while saying: "Now I am a king de France".

Henri de Guise, who still breathed, pushed a choked cry and returned the heart.

With the news of the catch of Constantinople, the pope wanted to organize a crusade; but religious enthusiasm had cooled; the One hundred Year old war hardly finished, and France was exhausted.

Only one prince spoke to walk against the Inaccurate ones: it was the duke of Burgundies Philippe the Good, spirit chivalrous and quarrelsome; it joins together the nobility in Lille in a colossal feast, where it tried to overheat the hearts by allegories; a girl representing the Church advanced vêtue mourning, and beseeched the assistance of the Burgundian knighthood; the duke the Jura on a pheasant which it in the East would fight the Large-Turk, and all the guests repeated the same oath, but none them held word (1454).

Henri III, feeling that his wound was mortal, wanted to designate his successor: "My brother, says it to Henri Bourbon, you are legitimates it heir to my crown, but make you catholic, if you want to reign on France; "then addressing itself to the lords who surrounded it: "I request from you, says it, I order to you, to recognize after my death my brother that here, and to lend oath my involved to him".

All swore, when Henri had expired, around two hours of the morning, Henri de Bourbon became Henri IV.

The catch of Amiens by the Spaniards shows how much the war then differed from that from today.

One morning forty peasants, charged with bags of nut and follow-ups of a heavy cart, arise at a door of the city; while the ones make visit the bags and give nuts to the soldiers, others stop the car under the harrow and cut the features of the horses quickly, then the false peasants draw all together from the hidden weapons and precipitate on the French: the harrow falls at once, but stops on the car; other Spaniards, who were held ready to run, slip while crawling between the wheels and lend hand-strong to their comrades; the very whole army follows them and the city is taken (March 1597).

Saxony was one of the countries most difficult to conquer.

After y to have repressed terrible risings, Charlemagne wanted to complete by leniency the work of the force, but the Saxon ones still revolted, and this Charlemagne time did not forgive any more: 4500 prisoners were decapitated in one day; a part of the population was transported in other countries and Saxony was subjected to the most severe laws.

Prince Noir, who had only ten thousand men against fifty thousand, had cut off himself from a slope planted from vines and half-compartment of hedges, absolutely impracticable with the cavalry; one could attack it only face by a sunken lane and narrow; to engage there, it was to run to a disaster.

The knights however sprang there, carried by their ebullient heat, but, stopped by a barricade of carriages, overpowered by a hail of arrows and loaded in side, they turned back with haste, and threw the disorder in the remainder of the army.

Jean, after having defended oneself a long time with his young person Philippe son, gave his sword to a French who was useful in the English army: two thousand knights were made prisoners with the king; eleven thousand men, the flower of the knighthood, remained lying on the battle field (Sept. 1356).

Sully, which had been the companion of Henri IV in all his wars, was his friend and his adviser.

Become Prime Minister it showed as skilful administrator as he had been honest soldier, and succeeds in restoring the order in finances and to raise agriculture: "Tilling and pasture, repeated it, are the two udders of France"

Henri III, who had gained the battles of Jarnac and Moncontour when it was called only the Duke of Anjou, and which had been selected as king by the Poles, inspired to the catholics of great hopes, but as soon as it was assembled on the throne of France, hoppers weakness and its defects were revealed at the great day, and returned it soon méprisable and odious to all the parties: many lords left the court.

When Pierre the Hermit had told with sobs the sufferings of the Holy Land Christians, the pope Urbain II rose on his throne and harangua innumerable crowd: "Men of France, says it, time had extinguished between you any hatred, and had just linked your forces against the enemies of God.

If you feel retained by the love of your children, your parents and your wives, think of the eternal life and with the imperishable glory which awaits you "A these words an immense cry burst" God wants it ", then all the multitude prosterna against ground so that the pope gave him the discharge.

Saint Louis achieves a great reform in the manner of returning justice: the judgement of God, i.e.

the legal duel, and tests, by cold water, ebullient water or fire, made place with investigations, interrogations, pleas and judgements, for the large good of humanity.

Saint Louis ordered that the judges and the witnesses had under the eyes in all the courts the image of Christ, the judge of the judges; finally, to protect the weak ones against the injustices, he wanted that the men condemned by their lords could call at his court, which would judge in last spring.

Itself listened to with benevolence the complaints of the unhappy one, and when it resided in summer at the castle of Vincennes, it arrived to him sometimes, after the mass, to go to sit down with the foot of a oak to return justice there.

Louis XI who wanted all to know, all to see and to do everything by itself, started his reign by visiting the provinces of his kingdom; the adventure which arrived to him close to Bordeaux shows which were then the dangers of a voyage; while descending the Gironde on a boat, little was necessary of it that it was not removed by an English corsair, who was boldly advanced in the river; the king of France escaped only by making force from oars, and while hiding several hours in tufts of reeds.

Louis XI, who did not smell himself rather extremely to overcome, undertook to once again bend his enemy mortal by pleasant words; he went to find Charles with Péronne as he had done in Charenton, embraced it twice, and walked to its arm as a sign of friendship good.

But suddenly the news arrives which the Inhabitants of Liège raise against the duke, and which it have at their head of the envoys of king de France: seized of rage, Charles made lock up the king in his room, and spoke to kill it or at least to throw it in prison for always.

Louis XI spent three days in the anguish, going unceasingly from the window to the door, and when it heard some noise in the staircase, it was appeared that Charles went up with torturers to kill it.

Turenne, which had followed the Germans on other side of the Rhine, prepared for the following day a great battle and visited its outposts, when it was reached by a lost ball; its officers ran: it had died.

Its soldiers cried it like a father, and Saint-Hilaire, seriously wounded by the same ball, known as with his son who cried: "It is not me, it is this great man who should be cried" (July 1675.)

Lannes, duke of Montebello, one of best lieutenants de Napoléon, were with the number of the brave men who fell in Essling; two legs crushed by a ball: "I would like to live, says it to the Emperor, to still be useful to you, like our France, but I believe that before one hour you will have lost your best friend" the death of Lannes tore off long sobs with Napoleon and was a mourning for all the army.

The Parisian ones, which was burning members of a league, were transported of joy when they transfer Henri Own way to run in the medium of them in spite of the defense of the king: everywhere where it passed crowd idolâtre shouted: "Own way Lives! "and pressed itself around him to kiss the edge of its coat; the women threw flowers to him.

It was with the head of an immense procession that the duke presented himself in front of the Louvre and asked to see the king.

The first thought of Henri III was to receive it and to make it kill under its eyes; however as it had around him only one handle of courtiers and guards, it was resigned to undergo the visit of its enemy mortal and to let it leave; but the following day it made come 4000 Swiss and French guards: the people, convinced that the king prepared Saint-Barthélemy of catholics, raised themselves at once with the cry of "sharp the league! "all the streets roughcast barricades, and the soldiers, encircled of all share, were soon with the discretion of crowd (May 12, 1588).

Henri de Guise gave himself the pleasure of delivering them and of returning them to the Louvre.

The king, tiny room with the impotence, flee by swearing that it would return to Paris by the breach.

After Arcole the Austrians accepted many reinforcements, and could take again the offensive soon; but their Alvinzi General made the fault of scattering his forces: not only it sent 20 000 men to the help of Mantoue, to keep only 40 000 of them, but still it adopted the most dangerous provisions: its infantry advanced on a side, without guns nor horses; the artillery and the cavalry took another way, without having only one battalion to defend them.

Bonaparte was thrown highly between these two incomplete armies, and discussing strong the plate of Rivoli, it was turned successively against each one of them: the Austrian infantry, mitraillée by guns which it could not answer, descended the plate in an inexpressible confusion; the enemy artillery, received by a sharp shooting at the time when it reached the plate, could not be even put out of battery; the ground was unfavourable with the cavalry; the rout of Alvinzi was complete (January 1797).

Louis V prepared to walk against the archbishop of Rheims Adalbéron, when he died suddenly, as had died his Lothaire father and his grandfather Louis IV.

According to the Richer chronicler, it made a terrible fall while driving out with foot in a forest, was taken of a burning fever and died at the end of a few days on May 21 987. Other chroniclers show his wife to have poisoned it.

What is sure it is that the last Carolingians died by the way for their enemies.