The French Army, cut off well close to Pavia, had only to be held on the defensive to reduce Bourbon and Pescara to lay off their soldiers mercenaries whom they could not pay; the old Generals diverted François 1st to venture all in a battle, but he wanted nothing to hear "with these artifices" and he left his lines to the great joy of the enemy; pulled by its heat, it sprang with its cavalry in front of its guns which it made useless, and was soon surrounded by the Germans and the Spaniards; his companions were killed or taken the ones after the others, François fell to the capacity from the enemy and the remainder of the army was withdrawn in disorder (févr. 1525).

François 1st, who wanted above all to recover his freedom, signed the treaty of Madrid, by which it gave up with Charles-Quint Burgundy and the rights of France on Italy, delivered its two sons like hostages to him, and received in grace the duke of Bourbon.

These conditions were ashamed, but François 1st was firmly determined not to carry out them.

When it had been exchanged against its sons, it which he was on right bank of Bidassoa: "I am still a king", exclaimed he with joy; then it sprang on its horse and ran au.galop to Bayonne to join the court.

Little time after it declared highly that the treaty was null: shown insincerely by Charles-Quint, it answered him by calling it liar and proposed to him to empty the disagreement in closed field, singular mixture of chivalrous heat and policy without scruple (1526).

François 1st gave a great development to the trade of France; he decreased tolls; he made digs the port of Le Havre; the sailors of Dieppe recognized Sumatra, Madagascar, Newfoundland; Canada was explored by the Breton Jacques Cartier; a colony was founded with theBreton one, and all the north of America was called News-France.

The silk trade of Turns, the wools of Normandy and Picardy, the wines, salt, the beautiful pieces of furniture was for France of the sources of great richness: thus one exported each year for more than four million wines (currency of time).

A powerful ship-owner of Dieppe, Ango, with which them Portuguese had taken a vessel, could, without the help of the royal navy, to arm with his expenses seventeen large ships, to block Lisbon and force the king of Portugal to pay him a strong allowance (1530).

Since the catch of Constantinople, the power of the Turks had made formidable progress: in second half of the fifteenth century, they had completed the conquest of the peninsula of Balkans, subjected Valachie, Moldavie, Bosnia, and had penetrated as far as Syria.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century, they had gone Masters of Syria, Mecque, of Egypt, and their sultan had become the chief of Islamism.

Masters of Belgrade in 1521, they threw themselves on Hungary and appeared under the walls of Vienna in 1529. Soliman the Magnificent, encouraged by François 1st, made to Charles-Quint a war baited on ground and over sea, the victory of Essek in 1537 gained, is established firmly on the coasts of Africa and made Turkey a great maritime power.

It was only into 1571 that the battle of Lépante, gained by the Spaniards, prevented the Mediterranean from becoming a Turkish sea.