Chalais was a young lord with the light head, which had plotted against the life of Richelieu; denounced by one of its confidants, it was declared guilty lese-majesty, was condemned in died and decapitated in Nantes, on the place of Bouffay (August 19, 1626): the torturer, who missed experiment, began again himself there more than thirty times before detaching the head, and it is reported that with the twentieth blow Chalais still groaned.

One of the largest lords of France, liked for its bravery and its generosity, the duke and even Henri de Montmorency, Marshal of France, had been madly let involve by Gaston of Orleans in a vast conspiracy against Richelieu.

Overcome and taken with the combat of Castelnaudary, it was condemned to have the distinct head.

The nobility, the court, the clergy, the people requested his grace, but the cardinal was pitiless, and Montmorency, the last of its race, was carried out in Toulouse, in the court of the house of city (Oct. 1632).

A young lord of twenty and one years, the marquis of Five-March, dreamed to reverse Richelieu, as of Luynes Concini had reversed: he conspired with Gaston and got along secretly with Spain: plugged by hatred, it did not hesitate to be combined to the enemies of France.

But betrayed by Gaston himself, it was decapitated in Lyon, and his friend of Thou, condemned not to have denounced it, was carried out with him.

Five-March was a criminal who deserved death; of Thou was a martyr of the friendship (Sept. 1642).