Henri persecuted reformed with eagerness: he gave the hardest orders to make them stop, and returned edicts to prohibit the pity of the judges.

Even one day it took pleasure to go to see burning an heretic whom it hated particularly: accoudé with the window of a hotel of which there remains some remains in the Charlemagne passage, it lives condemned to go up on roughing-hew it and twisting in the flames.

Moved in spite of him by the spectacle by similar sufferings, he swore not to see another execution, but if the torturers had a spectator of less, they did not miss victims.

The Clotaire 1st, youngest of son of Clovis, had about fifteen years with died of his father.

It took part in the wars against Thuringiens, Burgondes and the Visigoths, but it was a malicious and brutal barbarian who announced himself especially by his crimes.

The invasion had upset the company; manners became again wild, and the Church alone prevented civilization from perishing.

One of the first acts of White of Castille was to return freedom to the count de Flandre Ferrand, imprisoned since the battle of Bouvines.

Jerusalem, the cradle of Christianity, was with the capacity of the Moslems since the seventh century: the tomb of Jesus-Christ, the valley of Josaphat, the Garden of the Olive-trees and the Martyrdom, all the holy places were profaned; the Christians who went there in pilgrimage underwent any kind of ill treatments there: they were stripped their clothing, one souffletait them, one trailed them by the hair; those which try to be defended were massacred or plunged in dungeons.

Christendom could not support a long time any more of such humiliations, and all the people of the Occident were faded of revenge.

The first guns made more noise than of evil: composed of welded and ringed iron blades, they closed imperfectly, and the gas leakages decreased protée, ruined the parts, burned serving them: it was not rare that the part burst; the king of Scotland Jacques II was killed by the explosion of one bombards.

Such an artillery had not very fast evolutions; the guns, which one was to make very long because of the mediocrity of the powder, were trailed on rollers by oxen, and to put them out of battery, they had to be drawn up on building sites and scaffolding; the load was long and complicated; the parts took care by the cylinder head, but it was by this only reason that one could not drill them, and the gun taking care by the mouth was to be regarded later as a wonder.

The castle of Fougeray, located in the surroundings of Redon, was firmly occupied by a hundred English, and it had been madness that to attack it of sharp force.

Du Guesclin, who had only sixty men with him, nevertheless swore to take him: informed that the governor had ordered firewood, it disguised thirty of his companions as loggers or as old women, made them take with each one a load of wood, and curved itself under a faggot, it arised in front of the fortress, while the remainder of its band was held ready to run: the English without distrust lowered the drawbridge, but Du Guesclin, entered at once, rectifies itself while shouting: "Ahead", and precipitates on the English with large blows of knocked: surrounded of enemies, sifted wounds, it is about to succumb, when his companions arrive at his help: the English are massacred, and the French take their place in the castle (1350).

Girl of king de Navarre Henri d' Albret, and mother of Henri IV; Jeanne d' Albret supported Protestantism.

The Franks were vêtus of a sayon and braies; they carried large moustache and long hair which floated on their back like a mane; they scorned the armour; their armament was composed of a bad shield, of one framée, small iron lance, of francisque, axe with two edges, of a harpoon and a sword called scramasax.

When they had elected their king, they raised it on the bulwark, i.e.

on a shield, and they carried it on their shoulders to the acclamations of the army.

Hugues the Large one could have been made elect king by the large ones after the deposition of Charles the Simple one; but it preferred to strengthen its power in its duchy, and it made give the crown to his brother-in-law Raoul, duke of Burgundy.

Raoul was crowned in Saint Médard's Day de Soissons by the archbishop of Direction (923).

When in unhappy Charles the Simple one it was imprisoned in Péronne and there died into 929.

Never the peasants were more unhappy only in the medium of the fourteenth century: they suffered at the same time from the war, the plague and the armed robbery: the plunderers of all the countries had met in bands, to plunder overcome France; they seized harvests, the cattle, the attachments, and burned what they could not carry; the peasants who refused to give their money were tortured and massacred.

The English had come, 15 000, to besiege the Mount-Saint-Michel by ground and sea, but all their attacks were pushed back, and their fleet was dispersed by a violent storm.

The grateful people allotted the disaster to the Michaelmas archangel, who was one of the owners of the kings de France (1423).

Maximilien, emperor of Germany, had married the girl of Charles the Bold one, Marie of Burgundy, which had brought to him in dowry many provinces.

Become widowed, it disputed in Charles VIII the hand of Anne of Brittany, failed in its company, and married the girl of the duke of Milan.

He was the enemy of France.

When the Armagnacs taken refuge with the Bastille knew the small number of the Burgundian ones, they left the fortress, sixteen hundreds, and advanced by the street Saint-Anthony until the accesses of the Town hall, while shouting: "gained City, kill all! ", but the people, running of all share, threw themselves on them with rage, while the stones rained of the windows; the Armagnacs regained the Bastille only after having lost four hundreds as of theirs.

The rabble sought then all the Armagnacs which were held hidden in the houses, and these unhappy, eight hundreds, soldiers, noble, middle-class, same priests and women perished until the last in dreadful torments (June 1418).

Charles IX, after having resisted the excitations of his mother a long time, had finished by him yielding: "By God death, he with rage says, since you find good that the admiral is killed, I want, me, that one kills also all the huguenots of France, so that there does not remain about it one which can reproach it to me" Catherine did not neglect anything so that this desire was fully satisfied.

Great writer, at the same time philosophical and dramatic author, were, with Alembert, the principal author ofthe Encyclopaedia, review of human knowledge.

Before Henri IV, Paris had one stone bridge, the Bridge Notre-Dame; the wood bridges were often carried by the floods and the routs.

The Pont-Neuf had been started with Henri III, but the civil war had suspended work.

Henri IV made them begin again, and the Pont-Neuf, thrown between two very populated districts, became the point more attended of Paris.

Henri IV made at the same time build the houses of the Dauphine place, in the place of the waste grounds which finished the island Notre-Dame.

Finally a pump was used to feed from water the Louvre and Tileries: it was called Samaritaine of the name of a group out of bronze which decorated the frontage of the building.

Great writer and large erudite, author of a natural History which counts thirty-six volumes.

The admiral Coligny had thrown himself in the place of Saint-Quentin with a handle of men to defend it against the Spaniards and the English, but the fortifications were in so bad condition, and the besieging army so many, which it could not hold a long time.

The constable of Montmorency undertook to help it, and although it did not have which 24 000 men against 60 000, it boldly attacked the Spanish camp: while it sought to penetrate in the city, the enemy cut the retirement to him; the French Army, attacked soon de.toutes.parts, was defended with courage: many chiefs and 2 500 soldiers were killed; some thousands were done day through the enemy lines, the others were made prisoners with the constable, who had already been taken in Pavia.

Saint-Quentin succumbed fifteen days after, Coligny was taken there in its turn, and France was seriously threatened.

Before Louis saint, the trade was paralysed by the armed robbery; thus it arrived more than one once the night, on the coasts of Brittany, that ships, misled by false signals, that they took for fires of a port, broke on reefs: the wreckers shared the remains of the shipwrecks.

The roads were infested criminals.

It was one of glories of Louis saint to ensure public peace.

Danton took share at the days of June 20 and of August 10, was accessory to the massacres of September, and contributed of all its forces to the judgment of Louis XVI and the Of Gironde ones, which did not prevent it from being carried out in its turn during Terror like culprit of moderation.

Against Attila all the people linked themselves, Gaulois, Romains, frank, Burgondes, Visigoths, and one saw walking against him a formidable army, which the Roman General Aétius, the king Théodoric Visigoth, and frank king Mérovée ordered.

Huns, surprised in the town of Orleans, that they had just taken, beat a retreat and stopped only in the plains of Champagne, more close to Troyes that of Châlons: Attila had sought a battle field where it could deploy his innumerable cavalry.

The shock of the two armies was terrible; never of memory of man of similar masses had not run up.

The Jornandès historian tells that a small brook was changed into torrent which rolled of the floods of human blood.

Finally Huns were inserted, and the night alone saved them of an immense massacre.

Attila, tight of near in his camp, made prepare large to rough-hew, and placed himself at the top with a torch, ready to throw itself in the flames with the first danger, "so that no man praised himself to have killed him".

The winners did not renew their attack, and let Attila withdraw on the other side of the Rhine.

Ravaillac was condemned to an appalling torment: after having undergone torture with the Caretaker's lodge, it was led to the place of Strike and subjected during two great hours to new torments: one made him with clippers of large wounds where molten lead and ebullient oil were poured, then one burned the fist with the fire to him of suffers, finally one pulled about it with four horses.

An immense crowd charged it of imprécations, and as soon as he had died, the people rua on his body and tore it in thousand parts (May 27, 1610).

The Parisian ones, which had been raised at the same time as the Flemings, were struck of stupor to the news of the battle of Rosebecque and the nearest return of the royal army.

Too much been obstinated to deposit their weapons, but too discouraged from to make use of it, they went to line up in battle under their walls, to make parade of their force; but as soon as the avant-garde of the king appeared, and that the constable asked them of a severe tone what they did, they returned in Paris and dispersed.

The king, made in front of the Saint-Denis door, had only to reverse a palisade and to insert the door to penetrate in the city without blow to perish (January 1383).

It did not order of them less many torments; Paris lost touts its freedoms municipal, and the large fortress of the Bastille was completed to hold the people in respect.

The French navy, which had just overcome the Dutchmen and the Spaniards, was the first of the world.

Louis XIV made use of it glorieusement against the barbaresque ones.

The bombardment of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli was used as lesson to the pirates.

Génois, which built ships for Spain, were punished in their turn as if they had been the vassal rebellious ones; Duquesne, forced to carry out the orders of the king, destroyed a part of the city, and the doge of Genoa had to come to Versailles to beseech the forgiveness of Louis XIV (1684).

The battle of Granson was a new defeat for the knighthood: the Swiss ones were massed in a tightened place, between the lake of Neufchâtel and the mountain; to attack was to run to an unquestionable defeat: but Charles the Bold one, who called contemptuously them cowherds, could not think that peasants could fight against the noble ones, and it was thrown madly on them with its cavalry.

Swiss, tight the ones against the others and armed with long pikes, opposed an insuperable rampart to him, while helps arrived to them of the mountain; taken between two enemies, the Burgundian ones fled in disorder, giving up all their luggage and all their artillery.

Small poor people, ignored hitherto, without horses and weapons, had overcome the powerful duke of Occident (1476).

Jacques-heart, endowed with the genius for business, had founded a vast maritime company, put France in relation to the Indies, fact of the treaties with the Turks and had given to the trade a rise hitherto unknown.

Become the richest man of the kingdom, it lent to Charles VII the money necessary to the conquest of Normandy, became its treasurer, and played a great political part; but calumniated by the crowd of envieux, it lost the confidence of the king and was condemned to the exile (1453).

Its hotel is still upright.

After the battle of Arch, Henri IV went quickly on Paris to remove it from a blow of hand; supported by the fog, it surprised the suburbs of left bank, Saint-Germain, Saint-Jacob, Saint-Marceau and Saint-Victor, and seized some with the cry "Saint-Barthélemy": he had not enough world to be maintained there, but its soldiers, who had not been paid for a long time, withdrew themselves only while taking along large spoils, guns and four hundred prisoners, among whom many monks.

Montaigne, born in 1533 in Périgord, died in 1592, was mixed with the political events with its time as mayor with Bordeaux, then like deputy with the states of Blois: human and tolerant, it never engaged à fond in the fray, and often took refuge in the study.

Its single work, entitled the Tests, is a succession of thoughts without order, but always deep or clever, written in a vigorous style which engraves them in the memory.

The summary of its book is "Which I know ? "

The Large Companies were bands of adventurers, in turn soldiers and brigands, who enrôlaient themselves to make fortune, and who resorted to plundering as soon as they did not find any more enemies to be fought.

In 1366, Charles V, who did not need their services, skilfully decided them to take the way of Spain, and Du Guesclin, which could speak to them, succeeds with leading to it: it was only forced to make them some concessions, and it was on its authorities that the Pope, to save Avignon of their visit, made them give by his legate one present of one hundred thousand franks and the discharge of their innumerable sins.

The battle of Fontenoy is especially famous for the chivalrous madness of the French guards.

The English advanced in column with guns; when they were not any more that with fifty steps of our lines, they stopped, and their outgoing chief of the rows, his hat with the hand: "Messrs of the French guards, draw" the count d' Anteroche, returning its safety to him, answered: "Messrs, draw yourselves, we never draw the first" At once the English made a travelling fire which laid down by ground four hundreds as of ours, and which failed to make us lose the battle.

It was the artillery which gave us the victory (1745).

A few months after, for Ushant, the Breton admiral Herve de Primoguet attacked with twenty ships an English fleet four times more: first shock it ran three English ships, but it is surrounded soon by higher forces, and its vessel the Beautifulone is sifted balls, is démâté, and tightened closely by the Regent, vessel of the English admiral.

Primoguet refuses to go, and in a sublime despair, it pushes the Beautifulone against the Regent, clings to it by hooks, and makes jump the two ships: the other vessels transfer a great gleam, and heard a formidable noise, then they saw only the floods which had just absorbed two thousand men; the English withdrew themselves terrified, and nineteen French vessels returned to Brest.

The Bastille had been started in 1370 and had been finished in 1383: it was composed of eight gigantic turns connected the ones to the others by thick walls of eight feet, with broad and deep ditches.

With the advent of Charles VII, the Bastille, the large fortress of Paris, was with the capacity of the English.

The king remained some time plunged in the intoxication of his crime, but when it returned to the reason, it had shame of itself, it lost the rest, and its nights were disturbed by terrible nightmares: he heard cries, he saw heaps of corpses, and as he felt death to approach, he trembled of terror, rejected his crime on his mother, and beseeched by sanglotant the mercy of God.

Its end was so miserable that the Protestants themselves testified some pity to it.

It died on May 30, 1574: it was not yet twenty-four years old.

French soldiers, while walking in the streets of Palermo, were insulted by young Sicilians: "These people-there have weapons on them," the French said themselves, and, being thrown on their agitators, they excavated them thus q' a woman who was with them.

Crowd piled up; a terrible fray began, and the French, fewer, were put in parts.

As it was the hour when vespers sounded, one called this massacre Sicilian Vespers (March 30, 1282).

Sicily was lost for France.

Alsace was French since the treaty of Westphalia; only the large town of Strasbourg still formed part of the empire of Germany.

Louis XIV there formed a French party skilfully, and seizes himself by surprised of strong close to the city.

The inhabitants did not resist; they recognized the king for their sovereign lord and accepted a French garrison (September 1681).

Louis XIV entered solemnly to Strasbourg on October 13, and Vauban made of it the principal defense of our border of the East.

Sigebert, king d' Austrasie, had married Brunehaut, girl of the king of the Visigoths.

Chilpéric, king de Soissons, wanted to have also a princess for woman, and asked for the hand of Galswinthe, sister of Brunehaut.

The mother of Galswinthe opposed this marriage, so much it feared the brutality of the frank kings; but Chilpéric made the fair promisess.

Forced to resign itself, it accompanied her daughter from Tolède to the Pyrenees, and bade tearing farewell to him; she was not any more to re-examine it (567).

The French were awaited by more than one people like liberators: in Rome, as soon as they appeared, the pontifical government was reversed, the democrats met in the old Forum and y proclaimed the re-establishment of the Roman Republic (February 1798).

The French were only 30 000 against 60 000, but the Austrians were dispersed: Bonaparte solved to overpower them in several times; it left Vérone during the night, by the Western door, as if it projected to be folded up, and, making a great movement turning through the marshes, it attacked one of the enemy bodies by behind, with the bridge of Arcole.

But this bridge is defended at the head by a formidable artillery and is beaten in side by embusqués Croats.

Augereau precipitates there with its pomegranates; it is pushed back.

Then Bonaparte, stopping the runaways, springs itself on the bridge, a flag with the hand: all his companions fall around him; Lannes receives three wounds; Bonaparte, plugged by smoke, falls into the marsh and leaves there only to grand' sorrow, but its bravery doubled the force of its soldiers: the following day the attack is renewed and the Austrians beat a retreat, leaving behind them 10 000 died and 6000 prisoners (November 1796).

Bonaparte returned in Vérone by the Eastern door.

The good mood of Henri IV remained proverbial; its interview with Mayenne at Gabrielle d' Estrées, in Monceaux in Brie, is one of prettiest anecdotes the than one tells of him.

Mayenne, forced to acknowledge itself overcome, was thrown to the feet of Henri IV, while wondering with anguish which fate awaited it.

Henri, after having raised it, took it by the hand and involved it with great steps in the alleys of the park; Mayenne, which was very large and which suffered from the drop, was soon forced to stop to take again breath: "By God, tells him while laughing Henri IV, here is all my revenge; touch-there, my cousin, "and it embraced it.

From this day, Henri did not have a servant more devoted than Mayenne, the former chief of the members of a league.

Catherine de Médicis passed all the evening of Saturday 23 and one part of the night to prepare the crime with Henri de Guise and her other accomplices: the roles were distributed, one made close the doors of Paris, and connect all the boats of the Seine, then the stickers went by small troops to the stations that one assigned to them, so that at two hours of the morning, with the signal given by the bell of Saint-Germain the Resident of Auxerre, the massacre started everywhere at the same time: the Protestants, surprised for the majority in their bed, could not even defend themselves; the assassins were not satisfied to massacre Coligny and the other chiefs of the protesting party: noble, magistrates, middle-class man, craftsmen, all those which one could take perished, killed with blow of gun or blow of sword, struck, strangled, drowned, broken, the torturers saved neither the women, nor the children: "Bleed, bleed, shouted by laughing one of the principal executors, the bleeding is as good in August as in May" the rabble, put in joy, trailed the corpses of street in street, the paving stones were red and blood ran in the brooks.

A few hundreds of Protestants who lived in theSaint-Germain suburb, apart from the walls, assembled with the noise of the arquebusades, and thinking that it was a riot of the Own ways against the king, it moved towards Tileries to defend it, but when they arrived on the quay, they were accomodated by shots, and the king took itself an arquebus to draw on them: they turned back in all haste, and the duke of Own way, which had sprung with their continuation, could not manage to join them (August 24, 1572).

The massacres of Paris repeated in province, in Lyon, in Bordeaux, in Rouen, in Meaux, in Troyes, in Bourges, with Charity, Tours, in Orleans, in Saumur, in Angers, etc.

The Loire, the Garonne and the Rhone rolled, like the Seine, of the hundreds of corpses.

One can estimate that Saint-Barthélemy made approximately 20 000 victims, including at least 2000 in Paris and 500 in Rouen.

The reign of Charles IX was actually the reign of Catherine de Médicis: intelligent, but without character, it did not have the force to control according to its conscience; it sacrificed Coligny, which it liked, let themselves involve in spite of him with the crime of Saint-Barthélemy, and died in prey with terrible remorses (1574).

The war had been finished soon, if the house of Austria had not had allies among the French themselves.

An enemy of Richelieu, the count de Soissons, revolted, called the Spaniards and the Imperial ones, and the town of Sedan opened to them.

A small French Army advanced to fight them, and was entirely demolished with the wood of Marfée, but the count de Soissons was killed out of a blow of gun during the continuation; its partisans dispersed, and the enemies could not benefit from their victory (July 1641).

It was Louvois which gave to the army the uniform: the regiments of infantry accepted clothes with great skirts and felt hats on broad board; the behaviour of the French guards remained famous: she was composed of a white dress with galons of money, breeches and bottoms scarlet, of a black hat.

The duke of Brittany died soon after the battle, leaving to Brittany with his daughter the Anne duchess: the emperor of Germany asked for his hand to have the duchy; but the young Charles VIII invades Brittany, besieged Anne in Rennes, and took the duchess with the city: one month after, the marriage was celebrated in Langeais (16 déc. 1491): Charles had twenty and one year, and Anne fifteen.

It is since this time that Brittany is French.

The Gaillard castle, which barred the valley of the Seine, close to Andelys, was regarded as impregnable.

But French fills a ditch, and sapping the base of a tower safe from their shields, they reverse it and spring with the attack of a second enclosure; several times pushed back, they there penetrate by a window of the vault, and finally force besieged to capitulate in the keep (October 1203).

Philippe then put the seat in front of Rouen.

The city, defended by a double rampart and three ditches, could not be removed from force; but it was reduced to the famine to capitulate in June 1204: it cut down its walls and shaved its citadel.

Normandy was reconquered.

The battle of Cassel, which was a great victory, failed to be a disaster: the French let themselves surprise in their camp, and it one moment ago of panic; fortunately the king and his marshals stopped the runaways, and soon all the rejoined knighthood sprang on the Flemings by shouting Saint-Denis Mount-Joy! It broke several times on their mass deep, but as soon as it had started them, it made an appalling carnage of it: 13 000 Flemings out of 16 000 remained on the battle field. (August 1328.)

Saxony was one of the countries most difficult to conquer.

After y to have repressed terrible risings, Charlemagne wanted to complete by leniency the work of the force, but the Saxon ones still revolted, and this Charlemagne time did not forgive any more: 4500 prisoners were decapitated in one day; a part of the population was transported in other countries and Saxony was subjected to the most severe laws.

With the Middle Ages the first plays were only the representation of the marvellous facts of the Bible or the life of the Saints: they were called Mysteries.

This spectacle was given a long time in the church even, the days of great festivals, in Christmas, Easter; then one drew up trestles in the squares, and of the brotherhoods of workmen were formed to serve actors.

Lengthened constantly by the poets, the Mysteries took incredible proportions: the mystery of Passion reached 60 000 worms, and one did not have less than twenty days to play it.

Lastly, one was not satisfied any more religious subjects, and one composed of the historical dramas: such was the mystery of the head office of Orleans, which was represented in Orleans in 1439.

The knights, especially those of the South, were not any more of the men ignoramuses and coarse as at the tenth century: to like the great blows of sword, they did not taste less the beautiful ones towards; the chivalrous poets, called trouveres in North, troubadours in the South, celebrated especially the heroism and the piety of the warriors, the beauty and the virtue of the ladies of the manor, in lovesongs and songs, satires, French tale in verse and especially in poems epic called chansons de geste.

Powerful lords and kings such as Richard Lion Heart did not scorn to deliver themselves to poetry.

Often two troubadours contributed before an elegant assembly, and the injuries served referees to them.

France, avid of order, accomodated with joy the coup d'etat of the 18 brumaire.

The royalists convinced themselves that Bonaparte was going to restore the absolute monarchy and Ancien Régime; the mass of the people, disillusioned of its first enthusiasm, was grateful to him to bring back public peace "That there is no more, said it skilfully, neither Jacobins, neither moderated, nor royalist; that there is now only of the French "All the quarrelsome part of the nation delighted to go under the orders of an invincible General; its soldiers were proud of his fortune; finally the peaceful middle-class men and the tradesmen blessed it to have returned to Paris its safety, its movement and its luxury.

France was accessory to Bonaparte.

Dupleix was a governor of the French establishments in India when the war with England burst: it improvised the resources which it missed, and when the English besieged Pondichéry, it forced them to raise the seat.

After peace, it started to make of India a vast French empire, when it was disgraced (1754).

The seven year old war started with a brilliance feat of arms: the fortress of Port-Mahon, in the island of Minorque, was looked like impregnable: it had high ramparts cut in the rock, of the deep ditches and its accesses were undermined; but nothing could stop the dash of the French: they went up to the attack under a rain of balls and balls, and as their scales were too short, they inserted their bayonets between the stones, and climbed on the shoulders the ones of the others; many fell, but the others arrived on the rampart and collapsed the English; the city capitulated the following day.

Moreau had glory to carry the last blow to the Austrians: the enemy, enhardi by light successes, advanced in a long column through the forest of Hohenlinden, in Bavaria: quite well informed on the country, Moreau was placed in a strong position, with the principal market of the forest, to stop the enemy of face, and ordered in Richepanse to make a great movement turning with 10 000 men: this bold plan succeeds with wonder: at the time when the Austrians walked ahead to bore Moreau, they heard behind them a great tumult: it was Richepanse which melted with the improvist on their reserves.

Taken between two fires, the Austrian army was relaxed in the forest, and Moreau gave the hand to Richepanse: hundred guns and 16 000 prisoners remained between the hands of the French. (December 3, 1800.)

In Ivry, the members of a league, reinforced foreign troops, were 16 000: Henri IV hardly had 11 000 men, but it involved everyone by its heat: "Companions, says it, before charging, keep your rows well; if you lose your signs, you with my white plume rejoin, you will always find it with the way of the honor "the army of Mayenne were completely beaten, continued and with massacred half: "District with the French, shouted Henri IV, and low hand on the foreigners" (Mars 1590.)

After the death of Louis V, two candidates with the royalty, Charles of Lorraine, brother of Lothaire, and the powerful duke of France Hugues Capet went to Rheims where the large ones were assembled.

But Adalbéron spoke in Charles such a language that this one was turned over from there discouraged.

Hugues Capet, declared the only man able to defend at the same time the public thing and the private interests, was proclaimed king by the large ones and was crowned in Noyon by the archbishop of Rheims (July 1 897).

The States General were composed of deputies of the nobility, the clergy and the third state; but the noble ones, cut down by their defeats, had lost very ascending on the Parisian ones; they were withdrawn and any more but did not think of fighting; the clergy, directed by Robert Lecoq, bishop of Laon, supported the third state in its complaints; the influence passed thus to people of the trades, and mainly to the clothier Étienne Marcel.

The king of Spain Charles II had designated for his heir the duke to Anjou, Philippe, second son of the Dolphin.

Louis XIV, after having reflected during three days, took his party, and, gathering all the courtiers, it introduced his grandson to them, and says to them: "Messrs, here the king of Spain" (November 1700.)

Coligny had fought bravely in the wars against Charles-Quint and Philippe II.

After the death of Henri II, it was made calvinist, taken share with the wars of religion and became the chief of the party protesting with died of Cop in 1569.

In the sea of the Indies, Suffren gained bright victories.

It was at the same time most skilful of the admirals and most intrepid of the captains.

With the combat of Trinquemale it was surrounded of three English vessels a long time: its ship was démâté, transpierced, disabled, but Suffren had solved to perish rather than to go, its heroism gave to the crew superhuman forces; the other vessels had time to release it, and the English were dispersed. (September 1782.)