When Pierre the Hermit had told with sobs the sufferings of the Holy Land Christians, the pope Urbain II rose on his throne and harangua innumerable crowd: "Men of France, says it, time had extinguished between you any hatred, and had just linked your forces against the enemies of God.

If you feel retained by the love of your children, your parents and your wives, think of the eternal life and with the imperishable glory which awaits you "A these words an immense cry burst" God wants it ", then all the multitude prosterna against ground so that the pope gave him the discharge.

Henri II was of a beautiful imposing presence and a great bravery, like his François father 1st; there was not at the court of more skilful player of palm nor of rider more consumed, but its spirit was as heavy as its body was flexible: not very able to act itself, it was dominated all its life by its advisers, especially by Montmorency, François de Guise and Saint-Andrew.

Lower than his father by the intelligence, Henri II was however happier than him in his wars in his policy.

Louis XI, to decide the English with peace, made them give to the doors of Amiens a great feast which was prolonged during four days: it, had said Commines there, of large tables charged with good meats which gave desire for eating, and the best wines; nothing missed except water, that nobody claimed.

The English lords accepted money, and soon peace was signed (1475).

The Botanical garden, intended for the instruction of the medical students, was founded under the direction of Richelieu by one of the doctors of Louis XIII, Guy of the Brush, which liberally gave the ground necessary (1626); one joins together a great number of rare plants there and one instituted public courses there (1640).

France, avid of order, accomodated with joy the coup d'etat of the 18 brumaire.

The royalists convinced themselves that Bonaparte was going to restore the absolute monarchy and Ancien Régime; the mass of the people, disillusioned of its first enthusiasm, was grateful to him to bring back public peace "That there is no more, said it skilfully, neither Jacobins, neither moderated, nor royalist; that there is now only of the French "All the quarrelsome part of the nation delighted to go under the orders of an invincible General; its soldiers were proud of his fortune; finally the peaceful middle-class men and the tradesmen blessed it to have returned to Paris its safety, its movement and its luxury.

France was accessory to Bonaparte.

Brisson had been appointed president of the Parliament by the members of a league, but it appeared soon too moderate to the Sixteen, committee of fanatic men who, since the seat, controlled Paris tyrannically.

Stopped to nine hours of the morning, on the Michaelmas bridge, as it went to the Palate, it was led to small Châtelet, and, after a ridiculous judgement, condemned to died in spite of its supplications, confessed to haste and hung in the room even, at eleven hours.

Its corpse was then fixed on the gibet of the place of Strike with a sign which declared it treacherous.

Many moderate men had the same fate (Nov. 1591).

A young lord of twenty and one years, the marquis of Five-March, dreamed to reverse Richelieu, as of Luynes Concini had reversed: he conspired with Gaston and got along secretly with Spain: plugged by hatred, it did not hesitate to be combined to the enemies of France.

But betrayed by Gaston himself, it was decapitated in Lyon, and his friend of Thou, condemned not to have denounced it, was carried out with him.

Five-March was a criminal who deserved death; of Thou was a martyr of the friendship (Sept. 1642).

While Charlemagne was in Rome, the Pope Leon III solved to reward it for the services which it had rendered to Christendom.

A few days before the end of the eighth century, the Christmas Day 800, during the mass, at the time when Charlemagne was inclined in front of the large furnace bridge to request, the Pope advanced towards him and posed to him on the head the imperial crown, then it prosterna in front of him to adore it, according to the established habit of the time of the last Roman Emperors, while the people shouted by three times with enthusiasm: "With the large Emperor Charles, crowned by God, life and victory" Charlemagne was crowned at once, i.e.

that the Pope the oignit of holy oil, and blesses it to attract on his head the divine favours.

Pépin, son elder of Charlemagne, was crowned in its turn as king d' Italie.

It was a large spectacle which this alliance of the Emperor, Master of the Occident, and the Pope, chief of Christendom.

The title of Emperor, who pointed out the power of old Rome, was respected still so much, that the crowning of Charlemagne produced an immense effect; one thought to see the past reappearing, and the people were proud to form part of the great empire.

Achilles de Harlay points out Michel of the Hospital.

First president of the Parliament of Paris in 1582, it showed himself always tolerant and not involved in the medium in the religious fights and the political intrigues.

He courageously faced Henri de Guise, then the Sixteen, was devoted to the cause of Henri IV and worked of all its heart to alleviate the parties.

Louis II succeeded his Charles father the Bald person, and was crowned in Compiegne by the archbishop of Rheims Hinemar, which had a great influence.

The new king tried to reconcile the large ones by generosities, but it only succeeds in being humiliated; its stammering made it ridiculous.

One of the largest lords of France, liked for its bravery and its generosity, the duke and even Henri de Montmorency, Marshal of France, had been madly let involve by Gaston of Orleans in a vast conspiracy against Richelieu.

Overcome and taken with the combat of Castelnaudary, it was condemned to have the distinct head.

The nobility, the court, the clergy, the people requested his grace, but the cardinal was pitiless, and Montmorency, the last of its race, was carried out in Toulouse, in the court of the house of city (Oct. 1632).

Marie de Médicis, locked up with the castle of Blois, was impatient to seize again the capacity.

In the night from the 22 to January 13, 1619, it made draw up a scale to the windows of the second stage, where it remained, and went down boldly.

She threw herself in one fits with body which awaited it, and flees in Angouleme.

France had grown rich much during the thirteenth century: supported by the good government of Louis saint, industry and the trade had quickly developed.

The roads had become surer, tolls cheaper, the easier communications.

Troyes, Layered branches, Saint-Denis, Beaucaire, had famous fairs in the whole world.

Marseilles, La Rochelle, Harfleur were very flourishing ports.

This prosperity unfortunately stopped under Philippe the Beautiful one, because it increased the taxes and especially because it proscribed the Jews and Lombards, which were the bankers of the Middle Ages.

It was with the abbey of Saint-Denis that was kept the royal streamer, and the war cry of the French was: "My joy and Saint-Denis"

With the end of the twelfth century the Masters and the schoolboys joined to form a corporation which bore the name of University; they obtained from Philippe Auguste and the pope of important privileges: they could not be stopped for debts, nor judged by the provost of Paris: they had a special court and an elected chief whom one called the Vice-chancellor; its entry in functions was celebrated by a procession: it had a dress of violet scarlet, a silk belt with gold nipples, a broad cross-belt of ribbon, a mantelet of hermine and a doctor's cap; it had the step on the bishops.

The majority of the students lived joint in the colleges.

Benvenuto Cellini, having finished its large Jupiter statue, made it carry to the castle of Fontainebleau, and requested François 1st to come to see it.

The enemies of Benvenuto, with the head of which were the duchess of Stamps and Primatice, another Italian artist, ingénièrent themselves to retain the king until fallen the night, so that work appeared less beautiful.

But it arrived from there differently: Benvenuto lit its statue by in top, by means of a skilfully dissimulated torch, so that Jupiter, which held its high hand above its head, seemed to launch the lightning, and still made more effect than in full day.

The king exclaimed with admiration: "Here the most beautiful thing which one ever saw, and if one wanted to throw discredit on this man, one rendered services to him announced" There was the duchess of Stamps, king de Navarre, the dolphin, the dauphine one, Marguerite de France, girl of François 1st, and a crowd of lords.

Dupleix was a governor of the French establishments in India when the war with England burst: it improvised the resources which it missed, and when the English besieged Pondichéry, it forced them to raise the seat.

After peace, it started to make of India a vast French empire, when it was disgraced (1754).

Great writer, at the same time philosophical and dramatic author, were, with Alembert, the principal author ofthe Encyclopaedia, review of human knowledge.

When Charles-Quint entered to Provence to the head of 50 000 men, François 1st, who was not ready to push back it by the force, solved to stop it by making country a desert.

The marshal of Montmorency, charged with this work of devastation, discharged some with a pitiless rigour: the houses were burned, destroyed harvests, the which corrupted wells, the shaven trees; the inhabitants had to leave their villages and to take refuge in wood: those which wanted to defend their goods were put at death.

The enemy, not to die of hunger and thirst, was tiny room to be beaten a retreat, and lost half of his army, but Provence was ruined for a long time, and its inhabitants suffered from appalling miseries (1556).

Born in Chartres in 1769, sergeant in 1789, major general in 1793; one of the winners of Fleurus; killed in Altenkirchen (Germany), the age of twenty-seven years (1796).

After the departure of the Crossed first, the Holy Land was reduced with a small number of defenders, and in 1144 the town of Edesse fell down to the capacity of the Moslems who massacred all the Christians there.

Saint Bernard preached one second crusade.

In Vézelay where the king and the largest lords had met to hear it, of the thousands of Christians asked to leave with the king: as the crosses missed, holy Bernard cut his coat in thin straps, and soon all the chests were decorated same symbol, just as all the hearts beat same enthusiasm (1146).

Lannes, duke of Montebello, one of best lieutenants de Napoléon, were with the number of the brave men who fell in Essling; two legs crushed by a ball: "I would like to live, says it to the Emperor, to still be useful to you, like our France, but I believe that before one hour you will have lost your best friend" the death of Lannes tore off long sobs with Napoleon and was a mourning for all the army.

The French navy, which had just overcome the Dutchmen and the Spaniards, was the first of the world.

Louis XIV made use of it glorieusement against the barbaresque ones.

The bombardment of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli was used as lesson to the pirates.

Génois, which built ships for Spain, were punished in their turn as if they had been the vassal rebellious ones; Duquesne, forced to carry out the orders of the king, destroyed a part of the city, and the doge of Genoa had to come to Versailles to beseech the forgiveness of Louis XIV (1684).

The three sons of Philippe the Beautiful one, Louis, Philippe and Charles were armed knights the same day.

The king of England Édouard, which had married Isabelle, girl of Philippe the Beautiful one, was invited to the ceremony, and the festivals lasted one week; the middle-class men of Paris organized cavalcades, mimes and all kinds of entertainments: "the Queen of England was avoided in a turret with several injuries and damoiselles, and they liked this festival extremely, and turned to great honor to king de France and people of Paris"

The war of seat was the favorite war of Louis XIV.

All was so well regulated by Vauban, that the opening of the trench, the three parallels and the final attack were undoubtedly done in time prescribed, like the exercises.

Valencians had been carried of attack on March 17; the 22 one were in front of Cambrai; the 28 Vauban trenched; April 4 the city capitulated.

The painter Van der Meulen followed the king in all his campaigns, drew the battle fields, the cities, the fortifications, the campings, the uniforms, so that its tables represent with a great fidelity the military history of Louis XIV.

The museum of the Louvre has a great number of it.

Élisabeth of Austria, married to Charles IX in 1570, did not take any share with the political intrigues and chocolate éclairs of the court.

Simple, modest and soft, it testified the horror highly that Saint-Barthélemy inspired to him, and its supplications prevented Charles IX from assassinating young prince de Condé.

While the king of England was proclaimed in Paris, some French knights proclaimed the dolphin with Méhun-on-Yèvre, in Berry, while shouting: Live king Charles, seventh of the name, by the grace of God, king de France!

Feudality, initially protective, had become oppressive.

In the campaigns the peasants were dispersed too much to succeed in their revolts, but in much of cities the middle-class men and the people formed an association which one called a commune and tore off with their lord of the concessions.

The first communes were those of Cambric (1076), of Boundary-line, of Beauvais, of Saint-Quentin, of Laon, Soissons.

In Laon the lord of the city was the Gaudry bishop: besieged in its palate, it was taken and massacred (1112).

The Cross ones were far from agreeing: the ones declared that Constantinople was the true way of Jerusalem, the others regarded as sacrilege this war undertaken against Christians, and wanted to go directly to Syria.

In Corfou a plot was formed, and much the Cross ones, involved by the abbot of Be worth-Cernay, took the resolution to gain theHoly one.

But the principal chiefs of the army, educated in time, brought together the bishops, made them share of the danger that forwarding ran, and, on their councils, they went to be thrown to the knees of the abbot of Are worth-Cernay.

Overcome by their supplications, it renonça to leave them, and the Cross one moved all Constantinople worms.

Charles Martel, after his victory of Poitiers, divided with his army the immense spoils which it found in the enemy camp, herds of oxen and sheep, rich fabrics, vases invaluable, and gold ingots, which the Arable ones had removed with the Aquitanian ones, then it returned to Paris in triumph to the head of its victorious Franks.

One looked it like the saver of Christendom, and it had been due only to him to take the title of king; it was satisfied to exert the power and to prepare the advent of his Pépin son of it.

Napoleon in 1810 arrived at the top of the greatnesses of man.

Winner of whole Europe, it requested from the emperor of Austria the hand of his Marie-Louise daughter, and it obtained it at once.

It everywhere is obeyed and acclaimed; all seems to smile to him.

Its dynasty seems founded for always; a brilliant court surrounds it and festival "It makes him has the air, Cambacérès writing, to go in the medium of its glory"

The town of Rennes, besieged by the duke of Lancaster since October 1356, started to suffer from the famine, when Du Guesclin ran to its help, forced the English lines with its small troop, and penetrated in the place, with the great joy of the inhabitants (March 1357).

At once the situation changes: the English are badgered day and night: they is only surprised, blows of hand and skirmishes from where Du Guesclin always some prisoner or some spoils brings back.

Once it forces the enemy camp and y removes hundred carts charged with corn, meat and wine; another time it puts fire at a large wood tower which threatened the ramparts; all the English knights who defy it in singular combat bite dust the ones after the others, and the duke of Lancaster, discouraged, decides to raise the seat.

It should not be forgotten that this success was gained by Du Guesclin almost at the following day of the battle of Poitiers.

The Arabs, Masters of Spain, had invaded France, and threatened to destroy Christendom; but they met between Poitiers and Tours the mayor of the palate of Austrasie, Charles, son of Pépin of Héristal: they broke on the franque cavalry as on a wall, and those which were not killed fled until Narbonne (732).

Charles, whose arm had not ceased striking terrible blows, accepted the nickname of Martel, and was regarded as the liberator and the chief of Gaule.

Napoleon, after having beaten the Prussians with Ligny, entrusted to Grouchy the responsibility to supervise them, and turned himself against the English with 72 000 men.

The English army, ordered by Wellington, was arranged on the plate of the Midsummer's Day mount, in front of a forest; it was as numerous as the French Army and had the advantage of the position.

The Ney marshal, extraordinary of heroism, approached the plate and ends up being established there; at four hours of the evening, the English army, driven back with the forest, prepared with the retirement, and the road of Brussels was encumbered already runaways.

But, instead of Grouchy until one waited by completing the victory, Bulow arrived on our line with 30 000 Prussians; a part of the reserves on which counted the Ney marshal were employed to fight these new enemies: they gave with as well strength as the Prussians, after us to have threatened to turn our line, were pushed back in their turn.

At seven hours of the evening, the victory seemed assured: the old guard was going to climb the plate; Wellington was with despair.

Suddenly a sharp shooting bursts on the line: "It is Grouchy", exclaims Napoleon.

It was Blücher, Blücher which had escaped in Grouchy, and which brought to the enemy army 30 000 fresh troops.

Confidence passed from one camp to the other: the English took again the offensive, and the Prussians, carrying all their efforts on the same point, succeeded in boring our lines: a French division, overpowered under the number, shouted with treason and released foot.

At once the Prussian cavalry flooded the battle field, and the part of the guard which went against the English, had to face behind to defend oneself.

The night changed the defeat into disaster: only the imperial guard, ordered by Cambronne, was formed in squares, refused to go and died; the remainder of the army was nothing any more but one mob which whirled at the thank you of the Prussian sabres (June 18, 1815).

The French were awaited by more than one people like liberators: in Rome, as soon as they appeared, the pontifical government was reversed, the democrats met in the old Forum and y proclaimed the re-establishment of the Roman Republic (February 1798).

Charlemagne and its successors, who were at the same time kings of the Franks and emperors of Occident, adopted several Roman emblems, the sphere, symbol of the empire of the world, the sceptre and the crown, badges of the sovereign power.

The crown of Charlemagne was closed by the top and was surmounted by a cross.

King de Navarre Charles the Bad one, which had claims with the crown of France like grandson of Louis XC by his Jeanne mother, intrigued with the noble ones of Normandy against king Jean, and pushed the perfidy until exciting the young Charles dolphin against his father.

Jean, determined to get rid of such a dangerous enemy before walking against the English, suddenly even surprised it in Rouen at the dolphin, per hour when they were with table: "That nobody moves, if it holds with the life", exclaimed it while raising its sword, then seizing king de Navarre by the arm: "Let us go, upright, traitor, you are not worthy to sit you with the table of my son", and it made it throw in prison in spite of the tears of the dolphin, then it made decapitate under its eyes four of the guests (August 1356).

In 1636 France ran a great danger: its territory was invaded in North and the East; enemy runners were announced close to Saint-Denis, but with this news Paris had a splendid dash of patriotism: the old marshal of the Force is established on the perron of the town hall to receive the names of the volunteer: noble and middle-class, rich and poor engaged as a crowd; the enthusiasm of Paris gained the provinces: the army was reinforced with forty thousand men, the enemy stopped and France was saved.

Louis XII overcome, and touched sufferings of the people, was going to buy peace under unfavorable conditions for France; but the general States, joined together with Tours, begged it to continue the war rather, thanked it for its benefits and decreed to him the title of Father of the People (1506).

Sigebert, king d' Austrasie, had married Brunehaut, girl of the king of the Visigoths.

Chilpéric, king de Soissons, wanted to have also a princess for woman, and asked for the hand of Galswinthe, sister of Brunehaut.

The mother of Galswinthe opposed this marriage, so much it feared the brutality of the frank kings; but Chilpéric made the fair promisess.

Forced to resign itself, it accompanied her daughter from Tolède to the Pyrenees, and bade tearing farewell to him; she was not any more to re-examine it (567).

Born in Geneva in 1712, but of French origin, Rousseau carries out a long time an existence miserable, in turn working, servant, charlatan and tutor, enthusiastic of the virtue, but vicious itself; pulled by its burning imagination, it takes of hatred the company; become famous for its genius of writer, it attacks the theatre, education, progress, civilization, but it is made the defender of the religious beliefs, simplicity, freedom.

Threatened of arrest, it is exiled and died in 1778, the same year as Voltaire.

Its influence grows after its death, and much of men of the Revolution are its disciples.

Louis XI who wanted all to know, all to see and to do everything by itself, started his reign by visiting the provinces of his kingdom; the adventure which arrived to him close to Bordeaux shows which were then the dangers of a voyage; while descending the Gironde on a boat, little was necessary of it that it was not removed by an English corsair, who was boldly advanced in the river; the king of France escaped only by making force from oars, and while hiding several hours in tufts of reeds.

The admiral Coligny had thrown himself in the place of Saint-Quentin with a handle of men to defend it against the Spaniards and the English, but the fortifications were in so bad condition, and the besieging army so many, which it could not hold a long time.

The constable of Montmorency undertook to help it, and although it did not have which 24 000 men against 60 000, it boldly attacked the Spanish camp: while it sought to penetrate in the city, the enemy cut the retirement to him; the French Army, attacked soon de.toutes.parts, was defended with courage: many chiefs and 2 500 soldiers were killed; some thousands were done day through the enemy lines, the others were made prisoners with the constable, who had already been taken in Pavia.

Saint-Quentin succumbed fifteen days after, Coligny was taken there in its turn, and France was seriously threatened.

The year which preceded the battle by Hastings, Harold was thrown by a storm on the coast of France, and from Guillaume his freedom only while swearing to him with solemnity in front of a crowd of Norman lords to recognize it for king d' Angleterre with died of Édouard the Confessor obtained: he believed that his promise was without consequence, parce which he had extended the hand only on small relics, but Guillaume had dissimulated under a carpet a large tank full with bones of Saints; when the carpet was raised, Harold realized trap where it had fallen and fades of terror: its oath was crowned more than it had not believed.

Louis XIII was constrained to make the war with his revolted mother: a combat took place with the Bridges of C, close to Angers: the royal army, ordered by Louis XIII in person, attacked the partisans of the queen: one fought on the bridges, in the island, in the church, and the rebels were finally dislodged (August 1620).

The English were overcome in Castillon to have been too presumptuous, like the French in Poitiers: their old Talbot General, having surprised a body of franks-archers, which formed the French avant-garde, thought to hold the victory, and tackled face of the roughcast cuttings off of guns: accomodated by formidable discharges, the English army became exhausted in vain efforts, then was collapsed by the cavalry French and pushed in the Dordogne.

Talbot, wounded by a ball, was completed by franks-archers (July 1453).

Marshal of France in 1625, Schomberg drove out the English of the island of D, was useful with glory with the seat of the Small rock, then in the war against Savoy, and died in 1632, after having overcome Montmorency.

It was under the reign of Charles V that Dieppois sailors, by seeking a passage towards the Indies, discovered the gulf and the coasts of Guinea; they brought back of it an enormous quantity of defenses of elephants, that the natives sold to them at cheap price, and thus the ivory sculpture became a particular industry of the town of Dieppe.

The first establishment that they founded (1334) accepted the name of Small-Dieppe, and they kept a long time the monopoly of the trade with the countries of Africa.

It is told that the famous Hastings pirate, wanting to seize the town of Luna, that it took for Rome, imagined to ask for the baptism, then was made pass for death; the bishop, yielding to the prayers the Norman ones, allowed them to enter without weapons chrétiennement to celebrate the funeral of their chief.

But at the time when the bishop advanced to bless the body, Hastings was drawn up suddenly out of its coffin and killed the bishop of a blow of axe; his companions, tie of the daggers, precipitated on the soldiers who supervised them, and massacred them as well as the priests: Hastings was a Master of the city.

The combat of the Thirty is one of the most memorable facts of the One Hundred Years old war Thirty French knights ordered by heroic Beaumanoir, and thirty English knights gave each other appointment in the moor of Semi-Way, close to Ploërmel, then, with a given signal, melted au.galop the ones against the others, and fought body with body "as well, said Froissart, as if all had been Rolands and Oliviers." Finally the victory remained with the French: of the sixty champions, thirteen had died, nine English and four French; none the survivors was without wound and only one horse remained upright (March 27, 1351).

Also it in proverb of saying in connection with a keen fight passed: "One fought as with the combat of the Thirty" a granite column, high on the place of the combat, perpetuates the names of the inhabitants there.

When holy Louis felt death to approach, it made come his son Philippe and gave him its last councils: "My son, says him it, I recommend to you above all to love God and to keep you to displease to him; leave your confessors, your parents and your familiar to take again your faults, and to guide you by their lesson; would be good towards the poor, and raises taxes on your people only for the defense of the kingdom.

Make justice with each one; like the truth; supervise your baillifs, your provosts and your other officers; do not neglect anything so that your subjects live in peace the ones with the others; do not make the war without need… Adieu, my child, please remember me, and I give you my blessing by requesting God that it keeps you of all evils, and that it gathers us near him, after this life mortal "(August 1270.)

The order of Star, instituted by Jean the Good, had fallen little by little in disuse.

Louis XI was not a chivalrous king, but it understood that an order of knighthood of which he would be the chief would be for him a great force, and he founded the order of the Michaelmas who was to only have thirty-six knights, including twelve named by the king, and the other elected officials by the twelve first; the distinctive sign of the order was a gold collar, furnished with shells of money and a medal which represented the archangel embanking the dragon; the knights swore to defend the king until death.

The order was founded in 1469, in the Mount-Saint-Michel.

Prince Noir, who had only ten thousand men against fifty thousand, had cut off himself from a slope planted from vines and half-compartment of hedges, absolutely impracticable with the cavalry; one could attack it only face by a sunken lane and narrow; to engage there, it was to run to a disaster.

The knights however sprang there, carried by their ebullient heat, but, stopped by a barricade of carriages, overpowered by a hail of arrows and loaded in side, they turned back with haste, and threw the disorder in the remainder of the army.

Jean, after having defended oneself a long time with his young person Philippe son, gave his sword to a French who was useful in the English army: two thousand knights were made prisoners with the king; eleven thousand men, the flower of the knighthood, remained lying on the battle field (Sept. 1356).

The chiefs of the two enemy parties, Jean without Fear and the Dolphin, had taken go to the bridge of Montereau to deliberate there on the danger on the kingdom.

Each one of them was to bring with him ten men armed only with swords and coats of mail, but people of the Dolphin, among which was Tanneguy of Châtel, hid axes under their clothes, and, at the time when Jean bent the knee to greet his lord, Tanneguy struck it with the face of a great blow of axe and killed it.

At once the two troops transfer some with the hands, but the Burgundian ones, less well armed, were killed soon or taken: only one of them escaped.

As for the Dolphin, it had been withdrawn at the beginning of the fray (September 1419.)

The turns and the walls were almost always crowned of a notched parapet: the notches, called crenels, were used to launch arrows and to throw stones on the attackers without being with overdraft.

The knights, especially those of the South, were not any more of the men ignoramuses and coarse as at the tenth century: to like the great blows of sword, they did not taste less the beautiful ones towards; the chivalrous poets, called trouveres in North, troubadours in the South, celebrated especially the heroism and the piety of the warriors, the beauty and the virtue of the ladies of the manor, in lovesongs and songs, satires, French tale in verse and especially in poems epic called chansons de geste.

Powerful lords and kings such as Richard Lion Heart did not scorn to deliver themselves to poetry.

Often two troubadours contributed before an elegant assembly, and the injuries served referees to them.

Louis VI, called at the same time the Large one and Waked up, was a very other king that its predecessors: supported by the clergy, which saw in him the dispenser of justice of God, and by the communes, of which he was the natural guard against the feudal brigands, he was made the chief of public defense and paid his person bravely: the helmet at the head and always ways, it was, so to speak, the gendarme of its kingdom.

Louis IV of Overseas made main efforts to raise his authority, but the duke of France had for him the large ones and the people; a part of the clergy only remained attached to the Carolingians.

The general council of Germanie being joined together with Ingelheim close to Mainz, to examine the quarrel of king Louis and prince Hugues, Louis IV itself told his misfortunes and pled its cause.

The council solemnly threatened the duke of France of the excommunion, if it did not make satisfaction with his king, but Hugues the Large one was too powerful to be moved by the pronounced words with Ingelheim, and Louis IV, who seemed to excite Germany against France, was more unpopular than ever.

Nimes also preserved its Roman arenas, where 24 000 spectators could take seat on thirty-five rows, fifteen for the aristocracy, ten for the middle class, ten for the small people and slaves: they were several repaired times, and they are used still sometimes for bullfights.

Croisés, which missed vessels to cross the Mediterranean, was addressed to the Venetian ones, which had a great maritime power.

Deputies, among whom was Villehardouin, went to Venice: "In the name of God, known as Villehardouin while throwing itself to the feet of the old Doge Dandolo, listen to our supplications: help the barons of France to deliver Jerusalem, slave of the non-believers, and to avenge shame for Jesus-Christ; provide us a fleet, you who have the empire of the sea "the Venetian ones, at the same time moved and flattered, exclaimed with enthusiasm: ", we grant We it grant it," and the following day a solemn treaty was signed on the Gospels between Croisés and the Republic of Venice.