The bank of Law, combined with the Company of the Western Indies, which was a vast trade undertaking, had initially an enormous success (1719).

Law was adored as God by those which its system had enriched: everyone disputed the paper of its bank and the actions of its company of trade; the actions were so required that one paid them up to forty times their value, 20 000 pounds instead of 500. The seat of the bank was street Quincampoix; the crowd of the speculators choked itself there, and small uneven gained, says one, 150 000 pounds to lend its back as a desk.

Henri II and Philippe Auguste had been given go under the walls of Gisors, to conclude a truce.

The interview degenerated into combat: the English, made the first, had put themselves at the shelter of the sun under a large elm, and when Philippe Auguste came with his continuation, they refused to make him place; but the French, who did not intend to be played by the English, threw on them the sword with the hand, reflect them in escape and cut the tree to the short-nap cloth of the ground (August 1188).

The war was re-ignited at once.

King de Navarre by his marriage with Jeanne d' Albret; protesting like it was done, then turned over to Catholicism.

The victory of Zürich, gained by Masséna, would deserve to be more popular, because it saved France.

The Russian army of Souvarow, surprised in the mountains, crossed in several sections, pushed in the glaciers and the chasms, lost there 30 000 men, his artillery and its luggage (September 1799).

Russia renonça to continue the fight, and France could turn all its forces against Austria.

Built under the reign of Louis saint.

A monk, named Jacques Clement, had sworn himself to avenge the duke for Own way: when it saw Henri III linking himself with the Protestants to besiege Paris, it went to Saint-Cloud, was presented at Henri III like carrier of an important news, and at the time when the king opened the letter, it plunged a knife in the belly to him.

To the cries of the king, the guards ran and massacred the assassin on the place (August 1).

After the battle of Arch, Henri IV went quickly on Paris to remove it from a blow of hand; supported by the fog, it surprised the suburbs of left bank, Saint-Germain, Saint-Jacob, Saint-Marceau and Saint-Victor, and seized some with the cry "Saint-Barthélemy": he had not enough world to be maintained there, but its soldiers, who had not been paid for a long time, withdrew themselves only while taking along large spoils, guns and four hundred prisoners, among whom many monks.

Orléanais, which, at the end of four months of seat, started to miss food, solved to remove a large convoy of five hundred carriages which one dispatched of Paris to the English army.

Fifteen hundred determined men left the city under the command of Hire, of Dunois and of Xaintrailles, cleared a passage through besieging, then giving the hand to a small body of French cavalry which beat the surroundings of Orleans, they attacked the convoy close to the village of Rouvray; but the English and the Parisian militia which fought in the enemy rows cut off firmly behind the carriages.

The French were pushed back with great losses, and the detachment which had left Orleans the morning, had large pains to return there the evening, for decreased (February 12, 1429).

The Parisian ones of the English army called this combat the Day of Herrings, because the battle field was strewn with herrings fallen from the carriages, but Orléanais were laid out with laughing, by counting their deaths.

Philippe 1st, having repudiated his Berthe wife to marry Bertrade, woman of the count d' Anjou, was excommunicated by the pope Urbain II, then by the council of Clermont: at once all the good Christians moved away from him, its servants even did not dare more to approach it.

Philippe, to obtain his forgiveness, promised to return Bertrade and to make penitence, but it held its word badly.

Charles the Bold one, taken between the walls of Nancy and a strong army of help, tried a desperate attack; pushed back with great losses, it refused to flee: _ "If it it need, I fight only," say it, and it himself throw with a handle of man on the army which him bar the road; in one moment, the Burgundian ones were killed or taken; Charles was with the number of deaths, and one recognized his corpse afterwards only two days.

After the capitulation of Paris, Napoleon had still a moment the thought to fight.

He joins together troops with Fontainebleau; but if its guard were ready to die for him, it saw well by the treason of Marmont which it could not count any more on its Generals.

Then it made arrange its guard in the court of the Horse-White, and advancing in the medium of them for the last time: "General, officers, warrant officers and soldiers of my old guard, I bid my farewell to you; I could with you have continued the war three years, but I do not want to make the misfortune of France.

Be faithful to the new king, like your fatherland and preserve my memory "All the soldiers, who had followed it for twenty years of capital in capital, cried while thinking of last glories and wondered with anguish what France was going to become.

The town of Rennes, besieged by the duke of Lancaster since October 1356, started to suffer from the famine, when Du Guesclin ran to its help, forced the English lines with its small troop, and penetrated in the place, with the great joy of the inhabitants (March 1357).

At once the situation changes: the English are badgered day and night: they is only surprised, blows of hand and skirmishes from where Du Guesclin always some prisoner or some spoils brings back.

Once it forces the enemy camp and y removes hundred carts charged with corn, meat and wine; another time it puts fire at a large wood tower which threatened the ramparts; all the English knights who defy it in singular combat bite dust the ones after the others, and the duke of Lancaster, discouraged, decides to raise the seat.

It should not be forgotten that this success was gained by Du Guesclin almost at the following day of the battle of Poitiers.

New king d' Espagne, Philippe V, after having said good-bye to Louis XIV and in France, left Versailles on December 4, and made his entry in Madrid, February 18, 1701. The eighteenth century opened with glory, and the courtiers repeated with enthusiasm the word of Louis XIV: "There are no more the Pyrenees"

The constituent Assembly, after having abolished the privileges, had, in the declaration of the rights of man, proclaimed the principles of personal freedom and national sovereignty, but the king refused to sanction such radical reforms; the people of Paris, fearing new attempts at coup d'etat went in mass to Versailles, invade the palate, massacred some bodyguards, and took along of force the royal family to Tileries, to hold it at his disposal (October 5, and 6 1789).

Charles, who made a point of knowing the truth, entered the schools sometimes, of same as it inspected itself with the day before of a battle the state of the weapons and until with the straps of the horses.

One day that the poor children of a school had worked much better than the rich children, it made pass the first on its line, addressed praises to them and promised to them to give them later of great employment; then turning to the others with anger: "As for you, it of a voice of thunder exclaimed, you wasted your time, without regard for my commands and your honor; you count on your birth, but I do little case of your nobility, and you will never obtain anything me if you do not change control "

The battle of Leipzick, called by the Germans the battle of the nations, is most fatal of modern times: 130 000 French fought there during three days against 330 000 Austrians, Prussians, Germans, Russian and Swede; they lost 50 000 men, and the enemy more than 60 000. The first day, that of October 16, was a victory, but two days later the allies, which received reinforcements unceasingly, started again the fight: the French still had the advantage when suddenly 12 000 Saxon and Wurtembergeois, our last German allies, which formed a part of our line passed to the enemy and were turned over at once against us; the French Army, cut into two, was forced to move back and the retirement changed into disaster; all the rear-guard was destroyed.

Louis II succeeded his Charles father the Bald person, and was crowned in Compiegne by the archbishop of Rheims Hinemar, which had a great influence.

The new king tried to reconcile the large ones by generosities, but it only succeeds in being humiliated; its stammering made it ridiculous.

After Louvois the abuses had reappeared in the army: the ranks were given to the favour, and the incapacity of the Generals brought disasters.

With Casement bolt, Villeroi, which could not be kept, was made prisoner the night, with his headquarters, by imperial riders, and the French, dispersed in the barracks, ran the greatest danger; they could fortunately join and drive out the enemy of the city, so that they had the double advantage of preserving Crémone and of having lost Villeroi. (February 1702.)

The Empire of Charlemagne included/understood Gaule, the North of Spain, the greatest part of Italy and Germany.

Also the Emperor it was often surrounded lords of all countries, which made a brilliant escort to him.

Its power highly struck the spirit of the men of its time; its person became for their imagination larger than natural and its history was transformed into legend.

It was Louvois which gave to the army the uniform: the regiments of infantry accepted clothes with great skirts and felt hats on broad board; the behaviour of the French guards remained famous: she was composed of a white dress with galons of money, breeches and bottoms scarlet, of a black hat.

The General of Ornano having been seriously wounded, Napoleon gave him the only car which it had been able to preserve and made the remainder of the road to foot.

The plains were strewn with remains and corpses buried in snow.

Mohamet II, with which it did not miss any more that the town of Constantinople, swore to seize it and came to envelop it with 260,000 men; they had not neglected any machine of destruction: its enormous guns did few devastations, but threw fear among besieged, and its machines of war, rams, triggerfishes all and travelling, reversed the walls and smashed the doors.

The defenders of the city, Greeks and Génois, were defended with courage, repaired several times the breaches and tried furious exits: at the end of fifty days of seat, their forces were exhausted; the Turks, exaltés by their dervishes and deduced by the promise from plundering, sprang in mass with the attack and managed to seize a door.

Constantin made superhuman efforts to take it again; but it fell bored blows on a heap from corpses.

Constantinople was with the capacity of the Moslems; the population was massacred or reduced in slavery (May 1453).

Louis XI who wanted all to know, all to see and to do everything by itself, started his reign by visiting the provinces of his kingdom; the adventure which arrived to him close to Bordeaux shows which were then the dangers of a voyage; while descending the Gironde on a boat, little was necessary of it that it was not removed by an English corsair, who was boldly advanced in the river; the king of France escaped only by making force from oars, and while hiding several hours in tufts of reeds.

The Norman ones unloaded with the improvist, melted on a village or on a monastery, the walls climbed, plundered the houses, massacred those which held head to them, and fled with their spoils on their fast boats.

Pagan fanatics, they especially liked to violate the churches, to burn the holy books, and to disperse the relics; they tortured the monks to make them say where the money was hidden, then it took pleasure to massacre them in mass: "sang We to them the mass of the lances", said they.

Marshal of France in 1625, Schomberg drove out the English of the island of D, was useful with glory with the seat of the Small rock, then in the war against Savoy, and died in 1632, after having overcome Montmorency.

A young courtier, Albert de Luynes, coveted the place of Prime Minister; he flattered Louis XIII skilfully, excited it to demolish himself of Concini, to move away his mother and to take in hand the government.

Louis ordered to stop the marshal of Anchor, and to kill it if it resisted.

The captain of the Vitry guards, in charge of the arrest, understood that him for an assassination was asked, and satisfied the desire of the king: at the time when Concini entered to the Louvre, Vitry and its people threw themselves on him and killed it with blow of gun (April 1617).

Friedland was another Austerlitz: Napoleon, after having crossed into two the Russian army, threw himself on the principal part, wrapped it, drove back it in Alle in the small town of Friedland, and covered the bridge of grapeshot; the Russians, who did not have an other line of retirement, threw themselves to water to flee, and much drowned: the battle cost them 40 000 died men, wounded or taken (June 14, 1807).

When the Dolphin had left Paris, the noble ones ran de.toutes.parts to its call, and it was soon with the head of 7000 riders armed with all parts.

It was too little to take the walls by storm, but was enough to starve the city: all the arrivals of the high Seine and the Marne were stopped with the bridge of Charenton by the royal troops, and Paris was not long in suffering from the famine.

Paris, attacked by more than 200 000 men, was defended glorieusement: it neither had armed, nor fortifications; the government had refused to distribute weapons; Napoleon was far, and there was no hope of success; but it remained to save the honor: all the noble-hearted mans armed themselves as they could and joined so that there remained soldiers; Marmont disputed Belleville step by step; Mortar, with a handle of brave men, defended the Villette and the Vault, the pupils of the polytechnic School were distinguished on the road from Vincennes, those of the School of Alfort to the bridge of Charenton; Moncey, with 22 000 men, stopped of them some time 170 000 with the Clichy barrier, but the disproportion of the forces was too large, and exhausted Paris was resigned to capitulate: at least the enemy had lost 18 000 men (March 29, 1814).

Louis XI was not chivalrous, but he liked to reward heroism.

After the seat of Quesnoy, it made come a young knight of which it had noticed bravery, and passed to him to the neck a gold chain.

Marseilles, Nice, Agde and other cities of the Mediterranean were founded there is nearly twenty-five centuries by of Phocéens, Greeks of minor Asia, and a part of the French of these cities have as ancestors of the Greeks.

The foundation of Marseilles is surrounded of gracious legends.

Phocéens had just unloaded and sought a ground to be established: their young Eugene chief having been allowed with the table of the king of the country, the girl of the king chooses it for her husband while offering to him to drink: the young foreigner became the son-in-law of the king, and based the town of Massalie on the territory which was given to him.

During the Sling of the lords (1650), the Parliament and the people, understanding that they did not have the same interests that the noble ones, refused to revolt with them; but, when the lords were overcome, the Parliament, anxious triumph of Mazarin, asked for its reference, and the people rose again.

The surprised court was captive in the Palais Royal; even one night, the multitude penetrated in its apartments, and until the room of the young deadened king, to be of course that it was not escaped (févr. 1651).

One of the largest lords of France, liked for its bravery and its generosity, the duke and even Henri de Montmorency, Marshal of France, had been madly let involve by Gaston of Orleans in a vast conspiracy against Richelieu.

Overcome and taken with the combat of Castelnaudary, it was condemned to have the distinct head.

The nobility, the court, the clergy, the people requested his grace, but the cardinal was pitiless, and Montmorency, the last of its race, was carried out in Toulouse, in the court of the house of city (Oct. 1632).

Never the peasants were more unhappy only in the medium of the fourteenth century: they suffered at the same time from the war, the plague and the armed robbery: the plunderers of all the countries had met in bands, to plunder overcome France; they seized harvests, the cattle, the attachments, and burned what they could not carry; the peasants who refused to give their money were tortured and massacred.

The war between Richard and Philippe was a keen fight which extended from Normandy in Berry and the Flanders.

Richard had with its service of bands of lorry drivers, "which did not count for nothing overflowing human blood, plundering and the fire" Philippe, which had only knights and communal militia, often the lower part had.

In 1194, it was surprised in the surroundings of Blois, and it lost all its luggage, its money, its royal seal, a part of its files.

Another time, in 1196, it fell into a ambush in Courcelles, close to Gisors; the French were only two hundreds against several thousands: Philippe sprang bravely on the English and managed to clear a passage, but the majority as of the his companions perished.

Marshal of France in 1622, Créquy took a glorious share with the war against the duke of Savoy: it was him which led the attack of the No Suse.

During the Thirty year old war it was useful in Italy against the Spaniards, and was killed out of a blow of gun in 1658.

Charles Martel, after his victory of Poitiers, divided with his army the immense spoils which it found in the enemy camp, herds of oxen and sheep, rich fabrics, vases invaluable, and gold ingots, which the Arable ones had removed with the Aquitanian ones, then it returned to Paris in triumph to the head of its victorious Franks.

One looked it like the saver of Christendom, and it had been due only to him to take the title of king; it was satisfied to exert the power and to prepare the advent of his Pépin son of it.

After the battle of Oudenarde, prince Eugene came to besiege Lille with the head of 35 000 men and 200 guns (August 1708).

Boufflers, with 10 000 soldiers only and a few thousands of inhabitants, step by step defended all the outer works of the place, and made several exits which threw the disorder in the enemy batteries, but at the end of two months the garrison, reduced by half, was with end of force, the walls beaten in breach collapsed de.toutes.parts.

Boufflers capitulated for the city, was withdrawn in the citadel, and left there only in December, with the honors of the war.

Alésia (Sainte-Reine Alise, in the Gold Coast), was one of the strongest places of Gaule, and Vercingétorix defended it with 80 000 men.

But César blocked it and starved it: the armies which tried to deliver it were overcome; all the exits of besieged failed, and Alésia was reduced to capitulate.

The English had come, 15 000, to besiege the Mount-Saint-Michel by ground and sea, but all their attacks were pushed back, and their fleet was dispersed by a violent storm.

The grateful people allotted the disaster to the Michaelmas archangel, who was one of the owners of the kings de France (1423).

In 1630, the duke of Savoy broke the treaty and called the Spaniards, but at once Richelieu gathered an army, was done general, attacked the town of Pignerol vigorously, and at the end of eight days it was made main (March 1630) from there.

It then made invade Savoy; Louis XIII entered Chambéry; the duke of Savoy, Charles-Emmanuel, undergoes failure on failure and died; its successor made soon peace (1631).

The poor which knew the great charity of king Robert, misused it sometimes.

One feastday, in Étampes, Robert had inserted some poor in the room where it soupait, and it gave them to eat by ground as with dogs which their Master spoils.

When they had left, one realized that they had stolen the gold fringes of the royal coat.

The queen was strong in anger and regretted the beautiful fringes, but the kings was satisfied to say while smiling: "They for of required undoubtedly more that me" the chroniclers tell good king Robert several anecdotes of the same kind.

Henri II had had four sons: Henri, Richard, Geoffroy and Jean without Ground.

When Richard had died, two applicants were in presence, Jean without Ground, and Arthur of Brittany, son of Geoffroy.

Arthur had the right for him, and it was supported by Philippe Auguste, but it fell between the hands from his uncle Jean, who took it along in a boat, stabbed it and threw his body in the Seine (1203).

The Cross ones, gone up on the Venetian vessels, arrived in front of Constantinople by a splendid sun; the turns, the palates and the domes resplendissaient marvelously, and the high walls were crowned soldiers with the weapons étincelantes.

The knights, who had never seen such a large city, remained some amazed time, and there was not so bold with which it heart did not quiver; but they did too much honor to the Byzantines, by them as supposing brave man as the men of the Occident (1204).

The peasants of the Angoumois, Saintonge and Of Bordeaux, tyrannized by the agents of gabelle, had raised themselves with the cry of "Died to the gabeleurs", had plundered Saintes, Cognac and Ruffec, and had terribly tortured the receivers of the gabelle one.

The constable of Montmorency, charged to restore the order in Guyenne, announced himself by his cruelties: in Bordeaux, more than one hundred forty people were decapitated, hung, burned, dismembered, impaled (1548).

The Constable excited itself his soldiers: "Hang to me this one; connect that one ", said me it by reciting its chain.

The people hate it as it hated the torturers, and one repeated a long time in proverb: "God keeps us patenôtres of Mr.

the Constable"

The Isabeau queen of Bavaria, which had had the infamy to betray her husband Charles VI, to strip her own son Charles VII, and to deliver France to the English, was for the nation an object of contempt, and the English themselves insulted it.

When she died, in 1435, no bishop wanted to attend his funeral: no ceremony was made; the chronicler Jean Chartier, brother of the poet Alain Chartier, tells that the body was transferred onto a small boat, and that four people only followed the convoy.

It is in Lyon that the first church of Gaule was established, towards 160 ap. J.-C.

the first Christians were stopped, tortured and put at death, but they showed as well courage in the torments as the Lyoneses, pulled by the example, embraced as a crowd Christianity.

Among the martyrs, one admired especially the young Blandine slave, who wearied his torturers: it is reported that in the amphitheatre the lions lay down with its feet instead of devouring it, and that it was necessary to seek for it a new torment.

Louis V prepared to walk against the archbishop of Rheims Adalbéron, when he died suddenly, as had died his Lothaire father and his grandfather Louis IV.

According to the Richer chronicler, it made a terrible fall while driving out with foot in a forest, was taken of a burning fever and died at the end of a few days on May 21 987. Other chroniclers show his wife to have poisoned it.

What is sure it is that the last Carolingians died by the way for their enemies.

The war of the Albigensians was a war of extermination.

Simon de Montfort, who was the principal chief of Cross of 1209 to 1218, announced himself by his fanaticism; he looked at the heretics as vipers which should be crushed, and all those which fell between its hands were flarings sharp, jetés in the wells or hung with the trees of the ways; he saved neither to the women nor the children.

Louis VIII, who directed the crusade after him, seems to have been less cruel; the bishop of Auch obtained the grace of many prisoners.

Henri IV had left the Louvre in one fits with body discovered to go to the Arsenal, where he wanted to see sick Sully, when, to the entry of the street of the Ironwork, in a tightened place, at one time when the horses went to the step, a fanatic poor wretch, Ravaillac, were thrown on the king and twice inserted its dagger in the chest to him.

Henri subsided without pushing a cry, and its body was brought back to the Louvre: the best of the kings had died and its great projects with him; France was going to fall down in the disorder (May 14, 1610).

The passage of the Alps was a victory gained over nature: it was a question of transporting through the mountain, without cleared roads, in the medium of the rocks and of melting snow, 60 000 men with 60 guns and 300 cars; in certain places, the paths had only two feet broad: on a side the escarpé rock from which fall the avalanches, other, the chasm which one cannot see without giddiness.

The French however passed: the riders led their mounting by the support; the artillerists harnessed themselves with their parts while singing: one needed hundred of them to trail a gun.

The music of the regiments played in the difficult passages, and enthusiasm gave to the soldiers superhuman forces. (May 1800.)

The battle of Bouvines, which was at the same time the victory of the royalty over the lords, and of France on Germany, caused an immense joy in the kingdom: any work was suspended during several days, and whole France was in festival; everywhere resounded of the anthems and the thanksgivings; churches, houses and thatched cottages avoided hangings and flowers, and the old men danced like young people.

The return of Philippe Auguste was a triumphal walk since the battle field to Paris.

Gone up on his horse of war, the king advanced proudly, the crown with the face, the medium of his knights, the sound of the warlike brass bands.

To his continuation came its prisoner, Ferrand, count de Flandre, lying and connected in a bad carriage: "Ferrand, here you is now shoed," shouted crowd; insults and mocking remarks rained on him, and the king was acclaimed like the saver of France.

The Armagnacs, sunken to Paris in 1413, had punished the rebellious city hard, and contained the people only by terror; the son of an iron merchant of the Small-Bridge, called Perrinet the Clerk, having been beaten by them, solved to be avenged: he bound with a secret agent of Burgundian, involved some friends, and during the night, at one hour agreed upon, he furtively went to open theSaint-Germain foreman: the lord of Isle Adam, which was held ready with 800 Burgundian, entered at once and occupied the principal points of Paris: the transported people of joy raised themselves with the cry of "Sharp Burgundy! ", and the Armagnacs did not even have time to be assembled to defend oneself: happiest fled with the Bastille, others hid; all those which were taken were massacred (Mall 1418).

Henri II, who married his sister with the duke of Savoy and his daughter with king d' Espagne, gave the most brilliant festivals, balls, masquerades, feasts, tournaments and tournaments where the largest lords appeared.

The last Henri day descended itself in the string which it had made establish at the end of the street Saint-Anthony, opposite the royal hotel of the Small towers, and it was made there admire by his strength and its address, but, at the time to withdraw itself, it wanted jouter with its captain of the guards, the count de Montgommery: the two riders ran up so violently that the two lances broke, and that the glares of that of Montgommery were inserted under the visor of the king, burst the eye, and penetrated to the brain.

Henri expired after eleven days of sufferings; he was old only forty and one years (July 1559).

When Louis XVIII learned that Napoleon dared to give the foot on the French ground, it sent against him an army to stop it; but the soldiers had not earlier re-examined their former chief, than they were seized by an immense enthusiasm: the same cry left all the chests "Lives the Emperor", the white rosette made place with the tricolour rosette, and Napoleon became again in a few days the Master of France.

Prince Noir, who had only ten thousand men against fifty thousand, had cut off himself from a slope planted from vines and half-compartment of hedges, absolutely impracticable with the cavalry; one could attack it only face by a sunken lane and narrow; to engage there, it was to run to a disaster.

The knights however sprang there, carried by their ebullient heat, but, stopped by a barricade of carriages, overpowered by a hail of arrows and loaded in side, they turned back with haste, and threw the disorder in the remainder of the army.

Jean, after having defended oneself a long time with his young person Philippe son, gave his sword to a French who was useful in the English army: two thousand knights were made prisoners with the king; eleven thousand men, the flower of the knighthood, remained lying on the battle field (Sept. 1356).

Robert resembled to a monk rather that with a king: he sang with the lectern, composed of the anthems, passed long hours to read and request.

The Constance queen, who liked the luxury, reproached him with hardness for not royally living, and Robert, as weak as good, was unceasingly divided between his piety and his tenderness for his wife; he hid, says one, to make alms.

A few months after, for Ushant, the Breton admiral Herve de Primoguet attacked with twenty ships an English fleet four times more: first shock it ran three English ships, but it is surrounded soon by higher forces, and its vessel the Beautifulone is sifted balls, is démâté, and tightened closely by the Regent, vessel of the English admiral.

Primoguet refuses to go, and in a sublime despair, it pushes the Beautifulone against the Regent, clings to it by hooks, and makes jump the two ships: the other vessels transfer a great gleam, and heard a formidable noise, then they saw only the floods which had just absorbed two thousand men; the English withdrew themselves terrified, and nineteen French vessels returned to Brest.

The seven year old war was for France a mixture of shame and glory: the duke of Richelieu had great qualities of General, but it gave to its army the example of plundering: the soldiers called it the small father the Petty thieving.

Soubise made proof, in Rosbach, of a scandalous incapacity; many Generals, plus courtiers that soldiers, made pass their particular interest before that of the fatherland.

It would be however unjust to see only the evil, even opposite the reign of Louis XV.

In Clostercamp, with the outposts, the sergeant Dubois, regiment of Auvergne, is surprised the night by the English; threatened of dead if it gives the awakening, it shouts of all its forces, "A us, of Auvergne, they are the enemies", and it falls bored blows.

With its cry the captain of Assas, which is in front of its soldiers: "Draw, hunters, they are the enemies" the French obeys, and draws in front of them in the darkness; they kill their captain, but with him much of English; the army is saved (1760).

The Arabs, Masters of Spain, had invaded France, and threatened to destroy Christendom; but they met between Poitiers and Tours the mayor of the palate of Austrasie, Charles, son of Pépin of Héristal: they broke on the franque cavalry as on a wall, and those which were not killed fled until Narbonne (732).

Charles, whose arm had not ceased striking terrible blows, accepted the nickname of Martel, and was regarded as the liberator and the chief of Gaule.