The lawsuit lasted three months, of January 21 at May 24, 1431: the judges, who had order to condemn Jeanne, sought to embarrass it by thousand questions: did you make well, asked him, to leave without the permission your father and mother ? God ordered it to me, did it answer, and them they  Which forgave me were the intentions of those which kissed you the hands and clothing ? They knew that I defended them of all my capacity against the English.

Why did you enter the church of Rheims with your standard ?  It had been with the sorrow; it was well justice which it was with the honor.

God it does hate the English ?  I do not know if God loves or hates the English, but I know well that the English will be put out of France, except those which will perish there "Jeanne had opposite it only judges sold to its enemies, coarse soldiers who insulted it, of the torturers ready to seize it to torment it: exhausted of tiredness, dazed by the promises and the threats, intimidated by the solemnity of the Court which a bishop unworthy of the name of priest chaired, the bishop of Beauvais Pierre Cauchon, Jeanne did what the judges wished over all, it recognized guilty imposture.

After Louvois the abuses had reappeared in the army: the ranks were given to the favour, and the incapacity of the Generals brought disasters.

With Casement bolt, Villeroi, which could not be kept, was made prisoner the night, with his headquarters, by imperial riders, and the French, dispersed in the barracks, ran the greatest danger; they could fortunately join and drive out the enemy of the city, so that they had the double advantage of preserving Crémone and of having lost Villeroi. (February 1702.)

Henri II, who married his sister with the duke of Savoy and his daughter with king d' Espagne, gave the most brilliant festivals, balls, masquerades, feasts, tournaments and tournaments where the largest lords appeared.

The last Henri day descended itself in the string which it had made establish at the end of the street Saint-Anthony, opposite the royal hotel of the Small towers, and it was made there admire by his strength and its address, but, at the time to withdraw itself, it wanted jouter with its captain of the guards, the count de Montgommery: the two riders ran up so violently that the two lances broke, and that the glares of that of Montgommery were inserted under the visor of the king, burst the eye, and penetrated to the brain.

Henri expired after eleven days of sufferings; he was old only forty and one years (July 1559).

Large scientist, the founder of the modern chemistry, born in Paris in 1743, died on the scaffold in 1794.

Henri VIII, who projected to dismember France, and which had appointment in Paris with Charles-Quint, unloaded in Calais with an army of 50 000 men, invades Picardy and put the seat in front of Boulogne; the inhabitants were determined to defend oneself bravely, but the governor made only one show of resistance, and capitulated soon (September 14, 1544).

The catch of Boulogne decided François 1st to treat with Charles-Quint, whose avant-garde was shown with the doors of Meaux; peace was signed with Crespy-in-Valois September 18, and France did not have to push back but the English invasion any more.

Catherine de Médicis, who was to play a so great part during the reigns of her sons Charles IX and Henri III, did not have any influence of living of her husband, in spite of her intelligence and her beauty.

Girl of Laurent II of Médicis, it had been chosen by Henri II only for her richness.

The long humiliation where it lived contributed to desiccate the heart to him, and when it had the capacity between the hands, it put the policy of Machiavel into practice, i.e.

the policy which makes fun of any principle and which does not move back in front of the crime.

Henri II was of a beautiful imposing presence and a great bravery, like his François father 1st; there was not at the court of more skilful player of palm nor of rider more consumed, but its spirit was as heavy as its body was flexible: not very able to act itself, it was dominated all its life by its advisers, especially by Montmorency, François de Guise and Saint-Andrew.

Lower than his father by the intelligence, Henri II was however happier than him in his wars in his policy.

Louis VI, called at the same time the Large one and Waked up, was a very other king that its predecessors: supported by the clergy, which saw in him the dispenser of justice of God, and by the communes, of which he was the natural guard against the feudal brigands, he was made the chief of public defense and paid his person bravely: the helmet at the head and always ways, it was, so to speak, the gendarme of its kingdom.

A heresy, which had occurred in the town of Albi, had developed little by little in all the South of France, and the papal legate, charged with making an investigation, had been assassinated (1208).

The pope exhorted Christendom with a crusade against the Albigensians, and all the knighthood of north answered her call: a formidable army gathered in Lyon, and fell down on Béziers: the city was taken by storm, was plundered and burned; all the population was massacred: "Kill to them all, exclaimed a fanatic, God will recognize to them his" 7000 people were burned in a church, and numbers it deaths rose with more than 40 000 (1209).

This appalling war, started under Philippe Auguste, who refused to appear to with it, continued under Louis VIII, who himself took a great part there, and was finished only after him by the Blanche queen of Castille.

The battle of Moskova is most fatal of the battles of the Empire, after that of Leipsick; the two armies were about equal forces some, and the victory was disputed a long time: certain positions were lost and taken again twice.

It was a great load of cavalry which decided day; the cuirassiers of Montbrun and Caulaincourt, after having collapsed the Russian cavalry, penetrated with its following the medium of the enemy positions, and cut through the path at the French infantry.

But Caulaincourt and Montbrun remained on the battle field; 45 other Generals and 30 000 men had been struck, including more than 12 000 with death; Ney and Murat, remained all the day in the medium of a terrible fire, had not been touched; the Russians had 60 000 men out of combat and their General, Bagration, was among deaths (September 7, 1812).

Henri IV had left the Louvre in one fits with body discovered to go to the Arsenal, where he wanted to see sick Sully, when, to the entry of the street of the Ironwork, in a tightened place, at one time when the horses went to the step, a fanatic poor wretch, Ravaillac, were thrown on the king and twice inserted its dagger in the chest to him.

Henri subsided without pushing a cry, and its body was brought back to the Louvre: the best of the kings had died and its great projects with him; France was going to fall down in the disorder (May 14, 1610).

Rabelais, born close to Chinon, in 1483, the same year as Raphaël and than Luther, died in 1553, did not write that a book: Actions of Gargantua and his son Pantagruel, extraordinary novel, mixture of science and comic, morals and coarseness; but it is a work of genius, where in a pleasant and often monstrous form, a sharp satire of ignorance is hiding place, routine and abuses without a number which it had been dangerous to attack openly.

The war of seat was the favorite war of Louis XIV.

All was so well regulated by Vauban, that the opening of the trench, the three parallels and the final attack were undoubtedly done in time prescribed, like the exercises.

Valencians had been carried of attack on March 17; the 22 one were in front of Cambrai; the 28 Vauban trenched; April 4 the city capitulated.

The painter Van der Meulen followed the king in all his campaigns, drew the battle fields, the cities, the fortifications, the campings, the uniforms, so that its tables represent with a great fidelity the military history of Louis XIV.

The museum of the Louvre has a great number of it.

Templiers all were stopped the same day (sept.1307), and put at torture: the majority, made insane by the suffering, were acknowledged guilty of all the crimes which one could imagine and they were condemned to the perpetual prison; an about sixty of them, which retracted their consents, were condemned to died like relaps and were burned with small fire (1308).

The large Master, Jacques Molay, awaited his judgement during six years at the bottom of a dreadful dungeon: condemned initially to the prison, it was declared innocent, and was burned with another Templier, in a small island of the Seine, which is today the quay level of the Pont-Neuf (March 1314); it showed a so great courage, which it left in stupor all the witnesses as of the his torment.

Albert de Luynes was regretted of nobody, not even of the king, who was already tired of his favourite; when one transported his body to his castle, no friend accompanied the convoy, and one tells that during the halts the servants played the charts on his coffin (December 1621).

Louis XI, understanding that it could not reduce the rebels by the force, tried to reconcile them by flatteries; he went in boat to the camp of Charles the Bold one, between Charenton and Saint-Maur, and approached his enemy courteously: "My brother, says it while smiling, I know that you are gentleman, and of those with which I would like to hear me" Allured by confidence that testified him the king, Charles agree to negotiate: he went in his turn to return visit to the king to the doors of Paris, and the treaty was concluded, treated soon disastrous for the royalty, but which made it possible to Louis XI to remake his forces and to prepare its revenge.

In addition to the lance and the sword the knight was armed with an axe, of a dagger, a plague of weapons, and a mass of weapons, bludgeon furnished with points.

The defeat of Courtrai or the gold Spurs had due the presumption to the nobility: jealous of the bravery of the communal militia which fought in front of them, the knights crossed their lines and sprang au.grand.galop, but they had not seen a deep channel, cut à pic, which crossed into two the battle field: carried by their dash, they went to collapse the ones there on the others: in one moment the channel was filled; the disorder was put in the remainder of the army; the ones fled, the others fought with heroism, but were massacred by the Flemings (July 1302).

Henri persecuted reformed with eagerness: he gave the hardest orders to make them stop, and returned edicts to prohibit the pity of the judges.

Even one day it took pleasure to go to see burning an heretic whom it hated particularly: accoudé with the window of a hotel of which there remains some remains in the Charlemagne passage, it lives condemned to go up on roughing-hew it and twisting in the flames.

Moved in spite of him by the spectacle by similar sufferings, he swore not to see another execution, but if the torturers had a spectator of less, they did not miss victims.

Louise of Savoy, girl of the duke of Savoy, was only twelve years old when it married Charles of Angouleme, eighteen years when it gave the day to François 1st and that it lost her husband.

She lived withdrawn until the death of Anne of Brittany, which hated it (1514).

In 1515 it exerted regency during the countryside of Italy, but it was especially after Pavia, during the captivity of her son, whom it revealed his qualities of regent, by organizing a league against Austria.

Later it negotiated with the aunt of Charles-Quint the Cambric treaty, which for this reason was called the peace of the Injuries (1529).

It was with the abbey of Saint-Denis that was kept the royal streamer, and the war cry of the French was: "My joy and Saint-Denis"

The battle of Cassel, which was a great victory, failed to be a disaster: the French let themselves surprise in their camp, and it one moment ago of panic; fortunately the king and his marshals stopped the runaways, and soon all the rejoined knighthood sprang on the Flemings by shouting Saint-Denis Mount-Joy! It broke several times on their mass deep, but as soon as it had started them, it made an appalling carnage of it: 13 000 Flemings out of 16 000 remained on the battle field. (August 1328.)

After the battle of Oudenarde, prince Eugene came to besiege Lille with the head of 35 000 men and 200 guns (August 1708).

Boufflers, with 10 000 soldiers only and a few thousands of inhabitants, step by step defended all the outer works of the place, and made several exits which threw the disorder in the enemy batteries, but at the end of two months the garrison, reduced by half, was with end of force, the walls beaten in breach collapsed de.toutes.parts.

Boufflers capitulated for the city, was withdrawn in the citadel, and left there only in December, with the honors of the war.

Denain was a bright return of fortune.

Prince Eugene had more men than Villars, but its forces were disseminated of Sambre in the Scheldt.

Villars, after having misled the enemy by skilful operations, went quickly with all its forces against the fortified camp from Denain, carried it attack under an appalling fire, destroyed there 8000 men and y took sixty flags.

The remainder of the enemies arrived at the noise of the gun, but they found the camp with the capacity of the French and were constrained to be withdrawn; the victory had not cost Villars more than 500 men (July 24, 1712).

Jerusalem, the cradle of Christianity, was with the capacity of the Moslems since the seventh century: the tomb of Jesus-Christ, the valley of Josaphat, the Garden of the Olive-trees and the Martyrdom, all the holy places were profaned; the Christians who went there in pilgrimage underwent any kind of ill treatments there: they were stripped their clothing, one souffletait them, one trailed them by the hair; those which try to be defended were massacred or plunged in dungeons.

Christendom could not support a long time any more of such humiliations, and all the people of the Occident were faded of revenge.

We must proudly preserve the memory of this poor Picardy peasant called the Large one Shoed, who with him only put in escape a whole band of English plunderers, and which, sick, rose of its bed to strike those which approached (1359).

It Large Had certainly shoed there many whose history does not know the names, and whose exploits are remained without glory.

France, in contact with the English, started to become aware of itself.

France started to weary Republic.

Bonaparte, trustful in its glory, solved to seize the capacity using the army.

The 18 brumaire of year VIII (November 9, 1799), it was ensured of the devotion of the Generals, and made transport the two assemblies to Saint-Cloud, to remove the support of Paris to them.

The 19 brumaire it completed to reconcile the assembly of Old, then it went to that of Cinq-Cents; accomodated by low cries "A the dictator", insulted, surrounded, threatened, it left the room, harangua the soldiers, and exaggerating the danger which it had run, it did not have of sorrow to ignite their enthusiasm: a pomegranate battalion invades the room with the sound of the drum, the bayonet at the end of rifle, and the deputies fled.

The general States, composed of more than 1100 deputies, 291 for the clergy, 270 for the nobility, 578 for the third state, met in large pump in Versailles, May 5, 1789. Everyone understood that large things were close: thus the ambassador of Sweden in France, the baron de Staël, writing with its king, May 10, that the opening of the States General is one of the great events of the French history: "Nothing more imposing, adds it, than the majestic apparatus of a powerful nation assembled by its king to work with him with the regeneration of their common fatherland"

The castle of Angers, high under saint Louis (1228-1238), formed a formidable place of war; its thick walls, strongly sat on the rock and bathed on a side by Maine, were flanked of seventeen forty meters high towers; built out of slates with stone cords, the castle of Angers is still about such as at the thirteenth century; men one only demolished the top of the turns.

Chalais was a young lord with the light head, which had plotted against the life of Richelieu; denounced by one of its confidants, it was declared guilty lese-majesty, was condemned in died and decapitated in Nantes, on the place of Bouffay (August 19, 1626): the torturer, who missed experiment, began again himself there more than thirty times before detaching the head, and it is reported that with the twentieth blow Chalais still groaned.

Nimes is one of the cities which kept the most vestiges of the Roman period: theSquare one is a temple which goes up at the time of Auguste: it is in so good state, which it does not seem older than modern constructions which surround it; it was used as model with the church of the Madeleine of Paris.

The battle of Montlhéry had a result of strangest: the right wing of the king, made up of his brave men troops of Dauphiné, pushed back the Burgundian left wing, cut it in parts, and continued it well beyond Paris; the right wing of Burgundian, formed Picardy and Walloon archers, collapsed the French left wing, put it in escape and hunting to Orleans gave him.

Charles the Bold one, letting go his companions, returned in Montlhéry almost alone: attacked by the royal troops, it accepted two wounds and lost its banner, but it killed those which approached it, and managed to clear a passage. (July 1465.)

The war against Spain was so easy that one could compare it with a military walk.

In Dôle, into Frank-comté, a courtier, the count de Grammont, guaranteed to take the city with him all alone: he presents himself in front of the fortress, amuses the garrison by his jokes, is made open the door, kisses the middle-class men whom he meets and holds to them of so beautiful speeches on the power of king de France, on the horrors of the war and the nuisance to have passed to the son of the sword, which the city decides to capitulate.

In 1636 France ran a great danger: its territory was invaded in North and the East; enemy runners were announced close to Saint-Denis, but with this news Paris had a splendid dash of patriotism: the old marshal of the Force is established on the perron of the town hall to receive the names of the volunteer: noble and middle-class, rich and poor engaged as a crowd; the enthusiasm of Paris gained the provinces: the army was reinforced with forty thousand men, the enemy stopped and France was saved.

The battle of Bouvines, which was at the same time the victory of the royalty over the lords, and of France on Germany, caused an immense joy in the kingdom: any work was suspended during several days, and whole France was in festival; everywhere resounded of the anthems and the thanksgivings; churches, houses and thatched cottages avoided hangings and flowers, and the old men danced like young people.

The return of Philippe Auguste was a triumphal walk since the battle field to Paris.

Gone up on his horse of war, the king advanced proudly, the crown with the face, the medium of his knights, the sound of the warlike brass bands.

To his continuation came its prisoner, Ferrand, count de Flandre, lying and connected in a bad carriage: "Ferrand, here you is now shoed," shouted crowd; insults and mocking remarks rained on him, and the king was acclaimed like the saver of France.

Napoleon, raising the camp of Boulogne, transported in twenty days on the Rhine the eight his army corps; then, leaving Augereau in reserve, it went up Mein with Lannes, Murat, Ney, Soult, Davout, Marmont and Bernadotte, turned the Austrian army by admirable operations, and cut it in several sections in Vertingen, in Memmingen and in Elchingen, rejected the principal body on Ulm and de.toutes.parts wrapped it, by keeping the heights; the Mack General, despaired, capitulated with 33 000 soldiers, 60 guns and 40 flags (October 20, 1805); of 100 000 Austrians there remained only runaways, which our cavalry continued; Napoleon had not lost more than 3 000 men.

Napoleon, after having beaten the Prussians with Ligny, entrusted to Grouchy the responsibility to supervise them, and turned himself against the English with 72 000 men.

The English army, ordered by Wellington, was arranged on the plate of the Midsummer's Day mount, in front of a forest; it was as numerous as the French Army and had the advantage of the position.

The Ney marshal, extraordinary of heroism, approached the plate and ends up being established there; at four hours of the evening, the English army, driven back with the forest, prepared with the retirement, and the road of Brussels was encumbered already runaways.

But, instead of Grouchy until one waited by completing the victory, Bulow arrived on our line with 30 000 Prussians; a part of the reserves on which counted the Ney marshal were employed to fight these new enemies: they gave with as well strength as the Prussians, after us to have threatened to turn our line, were pushed back in their turn.

At seven hours of the evening, the victory seemed assured: the old guard was going to climb the plate; Wellington was with despair.

Suddenly a sharp shooting bursts on the line: "It is Grouchy", exclaims Napoleon.

It was Blücher, Blücher which had escaped in Grouchy, and which brought to the enemy army 30 000 fresh troops.

Confidence passed from one camp to the other: the English took again the offensive, and the Prussians, carrying all their efforts on the same point, succeeded in boring our lines: a French division, overpowered under the number, shouted with treason and released foot.

At once the Prussian cavalry flooded the battle field, and the part of the guard which went against the English, had to face behind to defend oneself.

The night changed the defeat into disaster: only the imperial guard, ordered by Cambronne, was formed in squares, refused to go and died; the remainder of the army was nothing any more but one mob which whirled at the thank you of the Prussian sabres (June 18, 1815).

The duke of Enghien, last going down from the Cops, had carried the weapons against France with the emigrants, and it did not seem foreign with the conspiracies directed against the first consul.

Bonaparte, pulled by anger, sent a troop dragons to stop the duke in the duchy of Bade, with the castle of Ettenheim, then it made it judge by a military commission, and shoot the same night in the ditches of the castle of Vincennes (Mars 1804).

The execution of the duke of Enghien is one of the acts which one reproached to Napoleon.

Defended especially by middle-class men, peasants and monks, Saragossa resisted for two months all the attacks, the bombardment, the fires, the famine, the plague; it had to be carried attack, street by street, house by house, and when the French were Masters of the city, they had lost more than 3 000 men; on 100 000 inhabitants, more than 50 000 had perished (February 1809).

Turenne, which had followed the Germans on other side of the Rhine, prepared for the following day a great battle and visited its outposts, when it was reached by a lost ball; its officers ran: it had died.

Its soldiers cried it like a father, and Saint-Hilaire, seriously wounded by the same ball, known as with his son who cried: "It is not me, it is this great man who should be cried" (July 1675.)

François 1st, who wanted above all to recover his freedom, signed the treaty of Madrid, by which it gave up with Charles-Quint Burgundy and the rights of France on Italy, delivered its two sons like hostages to him, and received in grace the duke of Bourbon.

These conditions were ashamed, but François 1st was firmly determined not to carry out them.

When it had been exchanged against its sons, it which he was on right bank of Bidassoa: "I am still a king", exclaimed he with joy; then it sprang on its horse and ran au.galop to Bayonne to join the court.

Little time after it declared highly that the treaty was null: shown insincerely by Charles-Quint, it answered him by calling it liar and proposed to him to empty the disagreement in closed field, singular mixture of chivalrous heat and policy without scruple (1526).

With the death of Louis XI the lords were agitated to seize the capacity; the duke of Orleans, which was Louis XII later, put himself at their head, and madly took the weapons with the duke of Brittany; the royal army reached revolted with Saint-Aubin-of-Cormier, not far from Ferns, and cut them in parts: four thousand men remained on the battle field, and the duke of Orleans was made prisoner (1488).

The year which preceded the battle by Hastings, Harold was thrown by a storm on the coast of France, and from Guillaume his freedom only while swearing to him with solemnity in front of a crowd of Norman lords to recognize it for king d' Angleterre with died of Édouard the Confessor obtained: he believed that his promise was without consequence, parce which he had extended the hand only on small relics, but Guillaume had dissimulated under a carpet a large tank full with bones of Saints; when the carpet was raised, Harold realized trap where it had fallen and fades of terror: its oath was crowned more than it had not believed.

Charles Martel, after his victory of Poitiers, divided with his army the immense spoils which it found in the enemy camp, herds of oxen and sheep, rich fabrics, vases invaluable, and gold ingots, which the Arable ones had removed with the Aquitanian ones, then it returned to Paris in triumph to the head of its victorious Franks.

One looked it like the saver of Christendom, and it had been due only to him to take the title of king; it was satisfied to exert the power and to prepare the advent of his Pépin son of it.

Before Henri IV, Paris had one stone bridge, the Bridge Notre-Dame; the wood bridges were often carried by the floods and the routs.

The Pont-Neuf had been started with Henri III, but the civil war had suspended work.

Henri IV made them begin again, and the Pont-Neuf, thrown between two very populated districts, became the point more attended of Paris.

Henri IV made at the same time build the houses of the Dauphine place, in the place of the waste grounds which finished the island Notre-Dame.

Finally a pump was used to feed from water the Louvre and Tileries: it was called Samaritaine of the name of a group out of bronze which decorated the frontage of the building.

The war of the Albigensians was a war of extermination.

Simon de Montfort, who was the principal chief of Cross of 1209 to 1218, announced himself by his fanaticism; he looked at the heretics as vipers which should be crushed, and all those which fell between its hands were flarings sharp, jetés in the wells or hung with the trees of the ways; he saved neither to the women nor the children.

Louis VIII, who directed the crusade after him, seems to have been less cruel; the bishop of Auch obtained the grace of many prisoners.

The Empire of Charlemagne included/understood Gaule, the North of Spain, the greatest part of Italy and Germany.

Also the Emperor it was often surrounded lords of all countries, which made a brilliant escort to him.

Its power highly struck the spirit of the men of its time; its person became for their imagination larger than natural and its history was transformed into legend.

The Prussians, while entering to shift, threatened Paris of a complete destruction, if the person of the king were not respected.

The people took up at once the challenge and rua on Tileries; the fight was wild: the defenders of the palate, with the number from approximately fifteen hundreds, pushed back initially the multitude, but attacked de.toutes.parts, they succumbed under the number; seven hundreds of them were cut the throat of; the others fled by the garden; the royal family, which had taken refuge at the assembly, was locked up with the prison of the Temple.

While the king of England was proclaimed in Paris, some French knights proclaimed the dolphin with Méhun-on-Yèvre, in Berry, while shouting: Live king Charles, seventh of the name, by the grace of God, king de France!

Napoleon in 1810 arrived at the top of the greatnesses of man.

Winner of whole Europe, it requested from the emperor of Austria the hand of his Marie-Louise daughter, and it obtained it at once.

It everywhere is obeyed and acclaimed; all seems to smile to him.

Its dynasty seems founded for always; a brilliant court surrounds it and festival "It makes him has the air, Cambacérès writing, to go in the medium of its glory"

The duke of Nemours did not deserve any pity, but the cruelty of Louis XI was odious: it ordered itself to the judges to torture it "quite narrow", to tear off great cries to him; then it made it decapitate.

The duke of Alençon had taken part in all the conspiracies.

Louis XI made him grace several times, but it ends up being wearied, and the duke was locked up in an iron cage, whose king had given the drawing.

The war between Richard and Philippe was a keen fight which extended from Normandy in Berry and the Flanders.

Richard had with its service of bands of lorry drivers, "which did not count for nothing overflowing human blood, plundering and the fire" Philippe, which had only knights and communal militia, often the lower part had.

In 1194, it was surprised in the surroundings of Blois, and it lost all its luggage, its money, its royal seal, a part of its files.

Another time, in 1196, it fell into a ambush in Courcelles, close to Gisors; the French were only two hundreds against several thousands: Philippe sprang bravely on the English and managed to clear a passage, but the majority as of the his companions perished.

The uniform is not a business of parade: it develops the spirit of body and the military spirit, i.e.

the taste of the soldier for his profession; it makes sensitive to the eyes the equality of the same men rank: under the uniform, there are no more rich person, neither the poor, neither middle-class man, nor peasants; there are nothing any more but soldiers.

With the Middle Ages the first plays were only the representation of the marvellous facts of the Bible or the life of the Saints: they were called Mysteries.

This spectacle was given a long time in the church even, the days of great festivals, in Christmas, Easter; then one drew up trestles in the squares, and of the brotherhoods of workmen were formed to serve actors.

Lengthened constantly by the poets, the Mysteries took incredible proportions: the mystery of Passion reached 60 000 worms, and one did not have less than twenty days to play it.

Lastly, one was not satisfied any more religious subjects, and one composed of the historical dramas: such was the mystery of the head office of Orleans, which was represented in Orleans in 1439.

Brisson had been appointed president of the Parliament by the members of a league, but it appeared soon too moderate to the Sixteen, committee of fanatic men who, since the seat, controlled Paris tyrannically.

Stopped to nine hours of the morning, on the Michaelmas bridge, as it went to the Palate, it was led to small Châtelet, and, after a ridiculous judgement, condemned to died in spite of its supplications, confessed to haste and hung in the room even, at eleven hours.

Its corpse was then fixed on the gibet of the place of Strike with a sign which declared it treacherous.

Many moderate men had the same fate (Nov. 1591).

Norman had initially dared to devastate only coasts, but when they knew that the Franks fought the ones against the others, they went up the rivers with their boats, and the residents of the Seine, of the Loire, of the Garonne had as much with suffered as the inhabitants from the coasts: all those which were defended were massacred, the women and the children were taken along in captivity; the villages were burnt.

The disorder was such as the same cities were not more with the shelter of the Norman ones: they ransacked Rouen, Nantes, Bordeaux, Saint Martin's day de Tours, and to the abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés under the walls of Paris.

It is in Lyon that the first church of Gaule was established, towards 160 ap. J.-C.

the first Christians were stopped, tortured and put at death, but they showed as well courage in the torments as the Lyoneses, pulled by the example, embraced as a crowd Christianity.

Among the martyrs, one admired especially the young Blandine slave, who wearied his torturers: it is reported that in the amphitheatre the lions lay down with its feet instead of devouring it, and that it was necessary to seek for it a new torment.

Pascal, born in Clermont-Ferrand in 1623, died in Paris in 1662. - Pascal is also a large philosopher, a genious thinker: its Thoughts are one of the strongest works which produced the human spirit.

Incomparable writer, it added to the clearness and the elegance of French prose.

Finally it was at the same time, like Descartes, large mathematician and large physicist.

Alsace was French since the treaty of Westphalia; only the large town of Strasbourg still formed part of the empire of Germany.

Louis XIV there formed a French party skilfully, and seizes himself by surprised of strong close to the city.

The inhabitants did not resist; they recognized the king for their sovereign lord and accepted a French garrison (September 1681).

Louis XIV entered solemnly to Strasbourg on October 13, and Vauban made of it the principal defense of our border of the East.