The defeat of Courtrai or the gold Spurs had due the presumption to the nobility: jealous of the bravery of the communal militia which fought in front of them, the knights crossed their lines and sprang au.grand.galop, but they had not seen a deep channel, cut à pic, which crossed into two the battle field: carried by their dash, they went to collapse the ones there on the others: in one moment the channel was filled; the disorder was put in the remainder of the army; the ones fled, the others fought with heroism, but were massacred by the Flemings (July 1302).

Louis XVI, despairing to stop the Revolution, took the party to emigrate in his turn with his family, but it was stopped in Varennes (Meuse), and the national guard, run de.toutes.parts, prevented the marquis de Bouillé from delivering it with its cavalry.

Two police chiefs of the French National Assembly took seat in the car, Barnave between the king and the queen, Pétion between Mrs Élisabeth and Mrs Royale; the young dolphin, six years old, sat down on the knees of one or others.

It was only at the end of four days that the procession entered to Paris.

The people, which had lined up in mass on the course, accomodated the king by greatest silence and the hat on the head; the instruction was posted everywhere: "That which will applaud the king will be beaten; that which will insult the king will be hung "(June 1791).

With the end of the twelfth century the Masters and the schoolboys joined to form a corporation which bore the name of University; they obtained from Philippe Auguste and the pope of important privileges: they could not be stopped for debts, nor judged by the provost of Paris: they had a special court and an elected chief whom one called the Vice-chancellor; its entry in functions was celebrated by a procession: it had a dress of violet scarlet, a silk belt with gold nipples, a broad cross-belt of ribbon, a mantelet of hermine and a doctor's cap; it had the step on the bishops.

The majority of the students lived joint in the colleges.

Louis XI, understanding that it could not reduce the rebels by the force, tried to reconcile them by flatteries; he went in boat to the camp of Charles the Bold one, between Charenton and Saint-Maur, and approached his enemy courteously: "My brother, says it while smiling, I know that you are gentleman, and of those with which I would like to hear me" Allured by confidence that testified him the king, Charles agree to negotiate: he went in his turn to return visit to the king to the doors of Paris, and the treaty was concluded, treated soon disastrous for the royalty, but which made it possible to Louis XI to remake his forces and to prepare its revenge.

It was under the reign of Charles V that Dieppois sailors, by seeking a passage towards the Indies, discovered the gulf and the coasts of Guinea; they brought back of it an enormous quantity of defenses of elephants, that the natives sold to them at cheap price, and thus the ivory sculpture became a particular industry of the town of Dieppe.

The first establishment that they founded (1334) accepted the name of Small-Dieppe, and they kept a long time the monopoly of the trade with the countries of Africa.

The Isabeau queen of Bavaria, which had had the infamy to betray her husband Charles VI, to strip her own son Charles VII, and to deliver France to the English, was for the nation an object of contempt, and the English themselves insulted it.

When she died, in 1435, no bishop wanted to attend his funeral: no ceremony was made; the chronicler Jean Chartier, brother of the poet Alain Chartier, tells that the body was transferred onto a small boat, and that four people only followed the convoy.

Marshal of France in 1625, Schomberg drove out the English of the island of D, was useful with glory with the seat of the Small rock, then in the war against Savoy, and died in 1632, after having overcome Montmorency.

The constable of Clisson, which had passed the evening in the king, left the hotel Saint-pol., around one hour of the morning, without armour and with an escort of eight servants of which two carried torches, when suddenly, with the entry of the street Culture-Holy-Catherine, forty brigands with horse, embusqués in the shade, melted on him and its people: "Which are you", Clisson exclaimed by drawing its dagger "I am Pierre de Craon, your enemy, answered the gang leader, and it is necessary that you die" Clisson tried to defend yourself, but it accepted a serious wound with the head, and fell from horse.

The assassins, in a hurry to flee, did not dare to put foot at ground to make sure that he had died.

A baker gave alarm, and Clisson at once collected by the king and looked after, recovered from his wounds, with the great spite of his enemies.

Turenne, which had followed the Germans on other side of the Rhine, prepared for the following day a great battle and visited its outposts, when it was reached by a lost ball; its officers ran: it had died.

Its soldiers cried it like a father, and Saint-Hilaire, seriously wounded by the same ball, known as with his son who cried: "It is not me, it is this great man who should be cried" (July 1675.)

The good mood of Henri IV remained proverbial; its interview with Mayenne at Gabrielle d' Estrées, in Monceaux in Brie, is one of prettiest anecdotes the than one tells of him.

Mayenne, forced to acknowledge itself overcome, was thrown to the feet of Henri IV, while wondering with anguish which fate awaited it.

Henri, after having raised it, took it by the hand and involved it with great steps in the alleys of the park; Mayenne, which was very large and which suffered from the drop, was soon forced to stop to take again breath: "By God, tells him while laughing Henri IV, here is all my revenge; touch-there, my cousin, "and it embraced it.

From this day, Henri did not have a servant more devoted than Mayenne, the former chief of the members of a league.

Henri VIII, who projected to dismember France, and which had appointment in Paris with Charles-Quint, unloaded in Calais with an army of 50 000 men, invades Picardy and put the seat in front of Boulogne; the inhabitants were determined to defend oneself bravely, but the governor made only one show of resistance, and capitulated soon (September 14, 1544).

The catch of Boulogne decided François 1st to treat with Charles-Quint, whose avant-garde was shown with the doors of Meaux; peace was signed with Crespy-in-Valois September 18, and France did not have to push back but the English invasion any more.

The conscription was established under the Directory; a law returned in 1798 on the report/ratio of Jourdan establishes that any French contracts while being born the obligation to serve the fatherland, and divided young people from twenty to twenty-five years into five classes, intended to provide the conscripts necessary, while starting with young people.

Napoleon, after having beaten the Prussians with Ligny, entrusted to Grouchy the responsibility to supervise them, and turned himself against the English with 72 000 men.

The English army, ordered by Wellington, was arranged on the plate of the Midsummer's Day mount, in front of a forest; it was as numerous as the French Army and had the advantage of the position.

The Ney marshal, extraordinary of heroism, approached the plate and ends up being established there; at four hours of the evening, the English army, driven back with the forest, prepared with the retirement, and the road of Brussels was encumbered already runaways.

But, instead of Grouchy until one waited by completing the victory, Bulow arrived on our line with 30 000 Prussians; a part of the reserves on which counted the Ney marshal were employed to fight these new enemies: they gave with as well strength as the Prussians, after us to have threatened to turn our line, were pushed back in their turn.

At seven hours of the evening, the victory seemed assured: the old guard was going to climb the plate; Wellington was with despair.

Suddenly a sharp shooting bursts on the line: "It is Grouchy", exclaims Napoleon.

It was Blücher, Blücher which had escaped in Grouchy, and which brought to the enemy army 30 000 fresh troops.

Confidence passed from one camp to the other: the English took again the offensive, and the Prussians, carrying all their efforts on the same point, succeeded in boring our lines: a French division, overpowered under the number, shouted with treason and released foot.

At once the Prussian cavalry flooded the battle field, and the part of the guard which went against the English, had to face behind to defend oneself.

The night changed the defeat into disaster: only the imperial guard, ordered by Cambronne, was formed in squares, refused to go and died; the remainder of the army was nothing any more but one mob which whirled at the thank you of the Prussian sabres (June 18, 1815).

The coalition of king d' Angleterre Henri III, king d' Aragon and the French rebel was fortunately thwarted by the energy of Louis saint.

Henri III, unloaded with Royan with 300 knights, had just joined the account of Walk on the edges of Charente, and sought to bring together around him all the dissatisfied lords, when, instead of Angevins until he waited, the French Army appeared suddenly.

As soon as it saw holy Louis springing on the bridge of Taillebourg, the high sword, and beginning the combat valiantly, it dispatched to him in all haste his Richard brother to ask him peace, obtained a one day truce, and as soon as it night had come, it flees au.galop with all those which had a rather good horse to follow it (Juill. 1242).

The Norman ones unloaded with the improvist, melted on a village or on a monastery, the walls climbed, plundered the houses, massacred those which held head to them, and fled with their spoils on their fast boats.

Pagan fanatics, they especially liked to violate the churches, to burn the holy books, and to disperse the relics; they tortured the monks to make them say where the money was hidden, then it took pleasure to massacre them in mass: "sang We to them the mass of the lances", said they.

Merry, young courtier who dreamed fortune of the duke of Own way, had received the command of the royal army, and it had promised to Henri III to bring back to him the head of Henri de Bourbon.

But the Protestants, after having moved back in front of him, stopped in Coutras, in Guyenne, in a strong position, and prepared with the combat by prayers: "They tremble, the cowards, they are confessed," Joyeuse exclaimed madly by seeing them knelt, and it ordered the load.

In one moment the Protestants were upright and each one in place: "Cousins, shouted Henri with prince de Condé and with the count de Soissons, his two first cousins, I remind to you only that you are blood of Bourbon, and lives God, I will show you that I am your elder" It had placed arquebusiers in the interval of his squadrons, and Merry was accomodated with fifteen steps by a fatal fire: the catholic cavalry, where there were more courtiers than truths soldiers, was soon in the greatest disorder; Merry died bravely, with more than four hundred gentlemen; as for the infantry, it was relaxed, and the Protestants massacred it with pleasure (October 1587).

The battle of Cassel, which was a great victory, failed to be a disaster: the French let themselves surprise in their camp, and it one moment ago of panic; fortunately the king and his marshals stopped the runaways, and soon all the rejoined knighthood sprang on the Flemings by shouting Saint-Denis Mount-Joy! It broke several times on their mass deep, but as soon as it had started them, it made an appalling carnage of it: 13 000 Flemings out of 16 000 remained on the battle field. (August 1328.)

Girl of king de Navarre Henri d' Albret, and mother of Henri IV; Jeanne d' Albret supported Protestantism.

The Armagnacs, sunken to Paris in 1413, had punished the rebellious city hard, and contained the people only by terror; the son of an iron merchant of the Small-Bridge, called Perrinet the Clerk, having been beaten by them, solved to be avenged: he bound with a secret agent of Burgundian, involved some friends, and during the night, at one hour agreed upon, he furtively went to open theSaint-Germain foreman: the lord of Isle Adam, which was held ready with 800 Burgundian, entered at once and occupied the principal points of Paris: the transported people of joy raised themselves with the cry of "Sharp Burgundy! ", and the Armagnacs did not even have time to be assembled to defend oneself: happiest fled with the Bastille, others hid; all those which were taken were massacred (Mall 1418).

Templiers all were stopped the same day (sept.1307), and put at torture: the majority, made insane by the suffering, were acknowledged guilty of all the crimes which one could imagine and they were condemned to the perpetual prison; an about sixty of them, which retracted their consents, were condemned to died like relaps and were burned with small fire (1308).

The large Master, Jacques Molay, awaited his judgement during six years at the bottom of a dreadful dungeon: condemned initially to the prison, it was declared innocent, and was burned with another Templier, in a small island of the Seine, which is today the quay level of the Pont-Neuf (March 1314); it showed a so great courage, which it left in stupor all the witnesses as of the his torment.

Louis VI initially undertook to pacify the surroundings of his capital.

The lord de Montlhéry, with a few miles of Paris, afflicted all the region by his armed robberies; Louis VI walked against him, but the royal army was so weak still, and the castle defended so well that the king could not force the brigand in his den.

Several attempts failed, and it was only after the death of the lord that the fortress fell to the hands from the king: he made it dismantle, and only the proud keep preserved any which one sees still today.

The army of the Knights, if already reduced by the diseases and the combat, endured under the walls of Jerusalem the greatest sufferings: the sun burned the ground; the torrents were desiccated, and the poisoned water of the cisterns.

But the Christians suffered without murmuring, because they were supported by the faith.

Pushed back in several attacks, they forced finally the rampart el July 14, 1099, and penetrated in the city per hour of Passion.

The battle continued street in street, of house in house; with the entry of the large mosque, the floods of blood rose to the breast piece of the horses.

As soon as the Christians were Masters of the city, they washed their bloody hands, and went to the holy places to adore God.

The reign of Charles IX was actually the reign of Catherine de Médicis: intelligent, but without character, it did not have the force to control according to its conscience; it sacrificed Coligny, which it liked, let themselves involve in spite of him with the crime of Saint-Barthélemy, and died in prey with terrible remorses (1574).

Louis XIV had seen dying before him his son and the elder one of his grandsons: it was its great-grandson, five years old, who succeeded to him under the name of Louis XV.

The battle of Montlhéry had a result of strangest: the right wing of the king, made up of his brave men troops of Dauphiné, pushed back the Burgundian left wing, cut it in parts, and continued it well beyond Paris; the right wing of Burgundian, formed Picardy and Walloon archers, collapsed the French left wing, put it in escape and hunting to Orleans gave him.

Charles the Bold one, letting go his companions, returned in Montlhéry almost alone: attacked by the royal troops, it accepted two wounds and lost its banner, but it killed those which approached it, and managed to clear a passage. (July 1465.)

The three sons of Philippe the Beautiful one, Louis, Philippe and Charles were armed knights the same day.

The king of England Édouard, which had married Isabelle, girl of Philippe the Beautiful one, was invited to the ceremony, and the festivals lasted one week; the middle-class men of Paris organized cavalcades, mimes and all kinds of entertainments: "the Queen of England was avoided in a turret with several injuries and damoiselles, and they liked this festival extremely, and turned to great honor to king de France and people of Paris"

Richelieu had itself a species of Prime Minister: it was a capuchin, called the Joseph father, and called the Éminence grise.

Very informed and very skilful, the monk rendered great services to France.

The French deputies sent to Rastadt to carry words of peace to the Germans left the city in the car with their families, when Austrian hussards melted on them and sabred them (April 1799).

Thus the enemies of France, in their hatred of the Revolution, did not move back even in front of the infamy.

Born in 1633, died in 1707, Vauban is famous especially as military engineer: replacing the high stone walls by ground fortifications almost on the level of the countryside, it made a great revolution in art strengthen the places; it did one at the same time in art to take them, and directed itself of them the seat of a great number of cities.

It also worked as civil engineer with ports, channels, acqueducs.

Lastly, we should not forget that it disapproved the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and that it had courage to propose to Louis XIV useful reforms.

When Louis XVIII learned that Napoleon dared to give the foot on the French ground, it sent against him an army to stop it; but the soldiers had not earlier re-examined their former chief, than they were seized by an immense enthusiasm: the same cry left all the chests "Lives the Emperor", the white rosette made place with the tricolour rosette, and Napoleon became again in a few days the Master of France.

After Arcole the Austrians accepted many reinforcements, and could take again the offensive soon; but their Alvinzi General made the fault of scattering his forces: not only it sent 20 000 men to the help of Mantoue, to keep only 40 000 of them, but still it adopted the most dangerous provisions: its infantry advanced on a side, without guns nor horses; the artillery and the cavalry took another way, without having only one battalion to defend them.

Bonaparte was thrown highly between these two incomplete armies, and discussing strong the plate of Rivoli, it was turned successively against each one of them: the Austrian infantry, mitraillée by guns which it could not answer, descended the plate in an inexpressible confusion; the enemy artillery, received by a sharp shooting at the time when it reached the plate, could not be even put out of battery; the ground was unfavourable with the cavalry; the rout of Alvinzi was complete (January 1797).

In the sea of the Indies, Suffren gained bright victories.

It was at the same time most skilful of the admirals and most intrepid of the captains.

With the combat of Trinquemale it was surrounded of three English vessels a long time: its ship was démâté, transpierced, disabled, but Suffren had solved to perish rather than to go, its heroism gave to the crew superhuman forces; the other vessels had time to release it, and the English were dispersed. (September 1782.)

The English, who had been combined in Calvinistes, tried to help La Rochelle: they unloaded in the island of D, 7000, under the command of the duke of Buckingham, but a few thousands of French there followed, and, after having received the communion, sprang on the English rear-guard, wrapped it and made a great carnage of it.

2000 English was killed, drowned or taken (November 1627).

Hugues the Large one could have been made elect king by the large ones after the deposition of Charles the Simple one; but it preferred to strengthen its power in its duchy, and it made give the crown to his brother-in-law Raoul, duke of Burgundy.

Raoul was crowned in Saint Médard's Day de Soissons by the archbishop of Direction (923).

When in unhappy Charles the Simple one it was imprisoned in Péronne and there died into 929.

Richard Lion Heart was almost in all the opposite of Philippe Auguste: it as impetuous and was carried as Philippe was cold and circumspect; both were of a great bravery, but one made the war by passion, to kill enemies, the other by calculation, to increase the royal field; both sought the money with greed, but Philippe saved it to increase his treasure, Richard lavished it to maintain his luxury.

In a word, the king of France was a skilful policy, and the king of England an ebullient knight.

Richard Lion Heart became with time a legendary, favorite hero of the poets and artists; Philippe Auguste was less brilliant, but it made more good with its country.

King de Navarre Charles the Bad one, which had claims with the crown of France like grandson of Louis XC by his Jeanne mother, intrigued with the noble ones of Normandy against king Jean, and pushed the perfidy until exciting the young Charles dolphin against his father.

Jean, determined to get rid of such a dangerous enemy before walking against the English, suddenly even surprised it in Rouen at the dolphin, per hour when they were with table: "That nobody moves, if it holds with the life", exclaimed it while raising its sword, then seizing king de Navarre by the arm: "Let us go, upright, traitor, you are not worthy to sit you with the table of my son", and it made it throw in prison in spite of the tears of the dolphin, then it made decapitate under its eyes four of the guests (August 1356).

This is the maritime door of the channel of the South, which connects the Rhone to the Garonne, the Mediterranean in the Atlantic.

This is, like the channel, the work of Colbert and Riquet.

With the death of Louis XI the lords were agitated to seize the capacity; the duke of Orleans, which was Louis XII later, put himself at their head, and madly took the weapons with the duke of Brittany; the royal army reached revolted with Saint-Aubin-of-Cormier, not far from Ferns, and cut them in parts: four thousand men remained on the battle field, and the duke of Orleans was made prisoner (1488).

Eudes was worthy of his Robert father the Fort, it made with Norman terrible war; one did not speak any more but about his victories, still grown by popular imagination.

Thus the Abbon poet tells that in Montfaucon in Argonne, Eudes, with thousand warriors only, overcame nineteen thousand Norman, passed half to the son of the sword, and killed their chief in singular combat from there.

This legend even shows which services returned men like Eudes, and how much the people were grateful to them.

The English were overcome in Castillon to have been too presumptuous, like the French in Poitiers: their old Talbot General, having surprised a body of franks-archers, which formed the French avant-garde, thought to hold the victory, and tackled face of the roughcast cuttings off of guns: accomodated by formidable discharges, the English army became exhausted in vain efforts, then was collapsed by the cavalry French and pushed in the Dordogne.

Talbot, wounded by a ball, was completed by franks-archers (July 1453).

Tutor of Louis XV, then Prime Minister, born in Lodève in 1653, died in 1743.

Robert the Fort, having learned that the Norman ones had plundered the city of Mans, solved to cut the road of Angers to them and to take again the spoils to them: he reached them in Brissarthe, beat them and locked up them in the Church.

The day seemed finished and Robert, exhausted heat, had removed his armour and his helmet, when suddenly the Norman ones spring on the dispersed French: Robert, without giving time to take again his armour, precipitates in the fray and fall bored blows on the steps from the Church (July 866).

With the news of the catch of Constantinople, the pope wanted to organize a crusade; but religious enthusiasm had cooled; the One hundred Year old war hardly finished, and France was exhausted.

Only one prince spoke to walk against the Inaccurate ones: it was the duke of Burgundies Philippe the Good, spirit chivalrous and quarrelsome; it joins together the nobility in Lille in a colossal feast, where it tried to overheat the hearts by allegories; a girl representing the Church advanced vêtue mourning, and beseeched the assistance of the Burgundian knighthood; the duke the Jura on a pheasant which it in the East would fight the Large-Turk, and all the guests repeated the same oath, but none them held word (1454).

A nephew of Louis Débonnaire, Bernard, dissatisfied to have had in division only the kingdom of Italy, wanted at least to make himself independent, but Louis gathered a large army in the Châlons-on-Saone and prepared to pass the Alps.

Bernard, too weak to support the fight, beseeched his forgiveness; Louis made him tear off the eyes (818).

The history of Frédégonde and Brunehaut is a long drama.

Frédégonde made successively kill son of her husband, then Sigebert, husband of Brunehaut, finally Chilpéric itself; she died all-powerful (597).

Delivered of its enemy, Brunehaut redoubled efforts to raise the royalty, but it was abandoned of all; remained only opposite large, it was delivered to the king Clotaire II, son of Frédégonde.

After three days of torture, it was attached to the tail of a horse and setting in scraps (613).

The Botanical garden, intended for the instruction of the medical students, was founded under the direction of Richelieu by one of the doctors of Louis XIII, Guy of the Brush, which liberally gave the ground necessary (1626); one joins together a great number of rare plants there and one instituted public courses there (1640).

King d' Angleterre of 1509 to 1547, Henri VIII turned himself several times against France.

Irritated against the Holy See, which refused to cancel its marriage with Catherine d' Aragon, it was made declare by its Parliament supreme chief of the Church of England (1531), and married successively Anne de Boleyn, Jeanne Seymour, Anne de Clèves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr; two of them perished on the scaffold.

Philippe 1st, having repudiated his Berthe wife to marry Bertrade, woman of the count d' Anjou, was excommunicated by the pope Urbain II, then by the council of Clermont: at once all the good Christians moved away from him, its servants even did not dare more to approach it.

Philippe, to obtain his forgiveness, promised to return Bertrade and to make penitence, but it held its word badly.

Louis XII overcome, and touched sufferings of the people, was going to buy peace under unfavorable conditions for France; but the general States, joined together with Tours, begged it to continue the war rather, thanked it for its benefits and decreed to him the title of Father of the People (1506).

Born in Versailles in 1768, soldier at sixteen years, general-in-chief with twenty-four, winner with Wissembourg, peacemaker of the Vendée, died at twenty-nine years (1797).

Louis XVI resembled of nothing to his grandfather Louis XV: he was virtuous and good, and he wanted the good of his subjects, but too timid to impose its will on its entourage, too undecided to achieve the reforms for which he recognized the need, it was impossible for him to direct itself the Revolution.

The Germans were cut off, close to Freiburg, from heights which seemed inaccessible, but the French had as chiefs Turenne and Condé.

Cop, descended from horse, put himself at the column heading of attack, and climbed the cuttings off under a terrible fire.

The Germans beat a retreat.

In addition to the lance and the sword the knight was armed with an axe, of a dagger, a plague of weapons, and a mass of weapons, bludgeon furnished with points.

Louis XIV and Louvois had about the same age; they were all the two young people, burning, quarrelsome, impassioned for military glory; they were included/understood.

Louvois had happiness to always have the confidence of the king, and, sure of the following day, it could undertake one of these works which are not possible that under the long ministries.

Its task was difficult, but it was not wearied, and thanks to him the French Army could resist the coalitions and supplement our border by invaluable conquests.

After the death of Louvois (1691), the abuses reappeared, and France felt which man it had lost.

The duke of Brittany died soon after the battle, leaving to Brittany with his daughter the Anne duchess: the emperor of Germany asked for his hand to have the duchy; but the young Charles VIII invades Brittany, besieged Anne in Rennes, and took the duchess with the city: one month after, the marriage was celebrated in Langeais (16 déc. 1491): Charles had twenty and one year, and Anne fifteen.

It is since this time that Brittany is French.

One day, tells a chronicler, that the king walked in his palate, it approached the windows to distract itself by the sight of the course of the Seine.

Cars trailed by horses crossed the city then, and by stirring up mud, they made some leave an unbearable odor.

The king could not hold to with it and withdrew himself, but the odor continued it until in its palate; then it conceived a project that none of its predecessors had dared to undertake, because of the expenditure: it convened the middle-class men and the provost of the city, and ordered to them to make pave with strong stones all the streets of the city.

Born in Strasbourg in 1753, initially Austrian officer, then voluntary French into 92, General into 93, illustrated themselves in Germany, in the Vendée, in Egypt; assassinated in Cairo (1800).

Jacques-heart, endowed with the genius for business, had founded a vast maritime company, put France in relation to the Indies, fact of the treaties with the Turks and had given to the trade a rise hitherto unknown.

Become the richest man of the kingdom, it lent to Charles VII the money necessary to the conquest of Normandy, became its treasurer, and played a great political part; but calumniated by the crowd of envieux, it lost the confidence of the king and was condemned to the exile (1453).

Its hotel is still upright.